{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162200259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795513.3807436","title":"Discrepancies in the Geotargeting of Spanish vs English Google Search Results During the 2024 US Elections","display_name":"Discrepancies in the Geotargeting of Spanish vs English Google Search Results During the 2024 US Elections","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162200259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795513.3807436"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3795513.3807436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795513.3807436","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Publication of the 2026 18th ACM Web Science Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795513.3807436","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136823189","display_name":"Dianna Gonzalez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0702-1900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189731429","display_name":"Wellesley College","ror":"https://ror.org/01srpnj69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189731429"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dianna Gonzalez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0702-1900","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189731429"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136824452","display_name":"Nina Howley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2739-9771"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189731429","display_name":"Wellesley College","ror":"https://ror.org/01srpnj69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189731429"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nina Howley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2739-9771","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189731429"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083640188","display_name":"Emma Lurie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0909-0500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma Lurie","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0909-0500","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026626448","display_name":"Eni Mustafaraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2243-5892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189731429","display_name":"Wellesley College","ror":"https://ror.org/01srpnj69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189731429"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eni Mustafaraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2243-5892","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189731429"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"53","last_page":"57"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.6491000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.6491000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.04969999939203262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13976","display_name":"Web visibility and informetrics","score":0.03060000017285347,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affordance","display_name":"Affordance","score":0.5896999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.5537999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislation","display_name":"Legislation","score":0.25290000438690186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194995250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q531136","display_name":"Affordance","level":2,"score":0.5896999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.5537999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.36469998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.35249999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.33970001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779103253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878070","display_name":"Duty","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3795513.3807436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795513.3807436","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Publication of the 2026 18th ACM Web Science Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3795513.3807436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795513.3807436","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Publication of the 2026 18th ACM Web Science Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5078631639480591}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079973150","https://openalex.org/W2099865247","https://openalex.org/W2100047082","https://openalex.org/W2109882182","https://openalex.org/W2788848737","https://openalex.org/W2912265160","https://openalex.org/W2912845403","https://openalex.org/W3013549950","https://openalex.org/W3159435787","https://openalex.org/W3200957822","https://openalex.org/W3215475614","https://openalex.org/W4212911710","https://openalex.org/W4399364677"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Geotargeting":[0],"is":[1,21,81],"a":[2,16,92],"common":[3],"affordance":[4],"of":[5,12,63],"search":[6,115],"engines":[7,116],"that":[8,29,46,79],"enables":[9],"the":[10,86,102],"tailoring":[11],"content":[13],"based":[14],"on":[15],"user\u2019s":[17],"geolocation.":[18],"This":[19],"capability":[20],"important":[22,109],"during":[23],"political":[24],"elections,":[25],"especially":[26],"for":[27,96,104],"queries":[28],"facilitate":[30],"participation,":[31],"such":[32,57],"as":[33,58],"\u201cwhere":[34],"to":[35,107],"vote\u201d":[36],"or":[37],"\u201dvoting":[38],"near":[39],"me\u201d.":[40],"While":[41],"U.S.":[42,69],"federal":[43],"law":[44],"mandates":[45],"certain":[47],"local":[48],"election":[49],"administrators":[50],"provide":[51],"this":[52],"information":[53,75,111],"in":[54,74],"multiple":[55],"languages,":[56],"Spanish,":[59],"our":[60],"bilingual":[61],"audit":[62],"Google":[64],"Search":[65],"results":[66],"across":[67],"223":[68],"localities":[70],"reveals":[71],"significant":[72],"discrepancies":[73],"quality.":[76],"We":[77],"find":[78],"geotargeting":[80],"often":[82],"inaccurate":[83],"at":[84],"both":[85],"county":[87],"and":[88,117],"city":[89],"levels,":[90],"with":[91],"higher":[93],"mistargeting":[94],"rate":[95],"Spanish-language":[97],"results.":[98],"These":[99],"findings":[100],"highlight":[101],"need":[103],"increased":[105],"efforts":[106],"make":[108],"electoral":[110],"more":[112],"discoverable":[113],"by":[114],"accessible":[118],"through":[119],"alternative":[120],"means.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-05-24T00:00:00"}