{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167966395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795095.3805132","title":"Multi-Objective Orchestration of Small Language Model Ensembles: Balancing Accuracy, Diversity, and Fairness","display_name":"Multi-Objective Orchestration of Small Language Model Ensembles: Balancing Accuracy, Diversity, and Fairness","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167966395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795095.3805132"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3795095.3805132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795095.3805132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608932","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795095.3805132","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140423032","display_name":"Advay Dhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2212-6023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170979836","display_name":"Jadavpur University","ror":"https://ror.org/02af4h012","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170979836"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Advay Dhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science And Engineering, Jadavpur Unversity, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2212-6023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science And Engineering, Jadavpur Unversity, Kolkata, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170979836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000078546","display_name":"Swagatam Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6843-4508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swagatam Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communication Sciences Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6843-4508","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communication Sciences Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088394271","display_name":"Kalyanmoy Deb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7402-9939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kalyanmoy Deb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7402-9939","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"271","last_page":"279"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.24300000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.24300000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.1152999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.10610000044107437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.52920001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.4812000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orchestration","display_name":"Orchestration","score":0.4693000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-forecasting","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.3443000018596649}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7942000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.52920001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.4812000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199168358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3367000","display_name":"Orchestration","level":3,"score":0.4693000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.4683000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.30300000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779714256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25305062","display_name":"Multiple Models","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90312973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7449052","display_name":"Semantic data model","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3795095.3805132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795095.3805132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608932","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3795095.3805132","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795095.3805132","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608932","display_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022485595","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2168020168","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2963526187","https://openalex.org/W3021613070","https://openalex.org/W4391932545","https://openalex.org/W4393121801","https://openalex.org/W4412889820"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Small":[0],"Language":[1],"Models":[2],"(SLMs)":[3],"offer":[4,124],"efficient":[5],"and":[6,34,64,108,138],"practical":[7],"alternatives":[8],"to":[9,48,129],"large-scale":[10],"models":[11,122],"in":[12,100,103,106,110],"resource-constrained":[13],"environments.":[14],"We":[15,53],"present":[16],"a":[17,44,56,90],"principled":[18],"framework":[19],"for":[20,140],"constructing":[21],"SLM":[22,83],"ensembles":[23,119],"that":[24,59,80,116],"jointly":[25],"optimize":[26],"three":[27],"competing":[28],"objectives:":[29],"prediction":[30],"accuracy,":[31],"output":[32],"diversity,":[33],"fairness.":[35],"Our":[36],"method":[37],"combines":[38],"an":[39],"interpretable":[40],"cost-function":[41],"formulation":[42],"with":[43],"multi-objective":[45],"evolutionary":[46],"algorithm":[47],"discover":[49],"Pareto-optimal":[50],"ensemble":[51,84],"configurations.":[52],"further":[54],"introduce":[55],"two-stage":[57],"combiner":[58],"produces":[60],"diverse":[61],"candidate":[62],"responses":[63],"selects":[65],"final":[66],"outputs":[67],"via":[68],"embedding-based":[69],"semantic":[70,111],"consensus.":[71],"Experiments":[72],"on":[73],"the":[74,81],"MentalChat16k":[75],"mental-health":[76],"dialogue":[77],"dataset":[78],"show":[79],"best-performing":[82],"configurations":[85],"can":[86,123],"match":[87],"or":[88,126],"surpass":[89],"fine-tuned":[91],"Llama":[92],"3.1":[93],"70B":[94],"model,":[95],"achieving":[96],"improvements":[97],"of":[98,120],"0.86%":[99],"ROUGE-1,":[101],"5.84%":[102],"ROUGE-2,":[104],"4.93%":[105],"ROUGE-L,":[107],"7.01%":[109],"similarity.":[112],"These":[113],"results":[114],"indicate":[115],"strategically":[117],"orchestrated":[118],"small":[121],"competitive":[125],"superior":[127],"performance":[128],"significantly":[130],"larger":[131],"LLMs,":[132],"while":[133],"providing":[134],"greater":[135],"flexibility,":[136],"interpretability,":[137],"accessibility":[139],"researchers":[141],"operating":[142],"under":[143],"limited":[144],"resources.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-07-11T00:00:00"}