{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202196558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3789240.3828748","title":"Toward WAN-Aware LLM Training Across Heterogeneous, Geo-Distributed Sites","display_name":"Toward WAN-Aware LLM Training Across Heterogeneous, Geo-Distributed Sites","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202196558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3789240.3828748"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3789240.3828748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3789240.3828748","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2026 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3789240.3828748","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048036564","display_name":"Ziyue Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1253-8137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyue Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1253-8137","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086186601","display_name":"Jiaxuan Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4164-6664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiaxuan Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4164-6664","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146438489","display_name":"Cedric Le Denmat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1181-1210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cedric Le Denmat","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1181-1210","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136568135","display_name":"Srijith Nair","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srijith Nair","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5761-7730","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146442714","display_name":"Fatemeh Nourzad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2176-5690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatemeh Nourzad","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2176-5690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137905559","display_name":"Rohith Krishnan Sudha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohith Krishnan Sudha","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7767-6143","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146472977","display_name":"Qinhang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5439-6114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinhang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5439-6114","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080108539","display_name":"Jifan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jifan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4707-9088","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001165357","display_name":"Sungjae Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-2164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sungjae Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8824-2164","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100356712","display_name":"Zhe Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3738-4418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Columbus, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4703-4339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Columbus, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001901921","display_name":"Peiwen Qiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peiwen Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2788-0279","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146436800","display_name":"Siddharth Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2471-2741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siddharth Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2471-2741","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146545532","display_name":"Rishabh Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5924-1370"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rishabh Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5924-1370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146567061","display_name":"Yinglun Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3608-2142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinglun Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3608-2142","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025618645","display_name":"Xue Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9372-1776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0417-0624","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146452842","display_name":"Zidong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4894-2501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155744322","display_name":"Kubota (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/036krca38","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155744322"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zidong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["ComboCurve, Houston, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4894-2501","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ComboCurve, Houston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155744322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005538082","display_name":"Bicheng Ying","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5246-2982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bicheng Ying","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5246-2982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080483470","display_name":"Kaushik Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-2622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaushik Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas Austin, Austin, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-2622","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas Austin, Austin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067441201","display_name":"Gauri Joshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6372-9697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gauri Joshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6372-9697","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076858296","display_name":"Yingbin Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8635-2992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingbin Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8635-2992","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106921483","display_name":"Robert D. Nowak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8743-0887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Nowak","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8743-0887","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755351","display_name":"Srinivasan Parthasarathy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-6449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srinivasan Parthasarathy","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-6449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101718732","display_name":"Saurav Prakash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-5767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saurav Prakash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute Of Technology-Madras, Madras, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-5767","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute Of Technology-Madras, Madras, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009374923","display_name":"Balaraman Ravindran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-7639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24676775","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0r5n49","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balaraman Ravindran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute Of Technology-Madras, Madras, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-7639","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute Of Technology-Madras, Madras, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24676775"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028903768","display_name":"Sanjay Shakkottai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-9050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay Shakkottai","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-9050","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035752536","display_name":"Ness B. Shroff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4606-6879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ness B. Shroff","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4606-6879","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5145826744","display_name":"Sundararajan Srinivasan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sundararajan Srinivasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5256-9730","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100888007","display_name":"Haibo Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3245-2728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155173764","display_name":"Rochester Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4yb702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3245-2728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155173764"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039328157","display_name":"Aylin Yener","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0820-3390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aylin Yener","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0820-3390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409661","display_name":"Jia Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8844-3233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8844-3233","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2057","last_page":"2059"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":null,"topics":[],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attendance","display_name":"Attendance","score":0.23749999701976776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"Data collection","score":0.23330000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.23819999396800995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778173179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339289","display_name":"Attendance","level":2,"score":0.23749999701976776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.23330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.22669999301433563}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3789240.3828748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3789240.3828748","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2026 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3789240.3828748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3789240.3828748","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2026 Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386840193","https://openalex.org/W4387302750","https://openalex.org/W4414736061","https://openalex.org/W7133225605"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"Language":[1],"Model":[2],"(LLM)":[3],"training":[4,37],"is":[5],"increasingly":[6],"concentrated":[7],"in":[8,95,136],"homogeneous":[9],"datacenters,":[10],"while":[11],"private":[12],"data":[13],"and":[14,20,75,88,111,134],"underutilized":[15],"GPUs":[16],"across":[17],"universities,":[18],"laboratories,":[19],"edge":[21],"sites":[22,53],"remain":[23],"difficult":[24],"to":[25,71,121],"use.":[26],"This":[27],"extended":[28],"abstract":[29],"presents":[30],"preliminary":[31],"results":[32,124],"from":[33],"a":[34],"geo-distributed":[35,137],"LLM":[36,138],"prototype":[38,48],"that":[39],"treats":[40],"networking":[41,127],"constraints":[42],"as":[43],"first-order":[44],"design":[45],"concerns.":[46],"The":[47],"connects":[49],"three":[50],"heterogeneous":[51],"GPU":[52],"via":[54],"cloud-hosted":[55],"parameter":[56],"servers,":[57],"outbound-only":[58],"gRPC":[59],"streams,":[60],"two-stage":[61],"delta":[62],"compression":[63],"(INT8":[64],"quantization":[65],"+":[66],"Huffman":[67],"coding,":[68],"achieving":[69],"up":[70,120],"4\u00d7":[72],"payload":[73],"reduction),":[74],"fault-tolerant":[76],"rejoin.":[77],"In":[78],"real":[79],"deployments,":[80],"GPT-2":[81],"Medium":[82],"pretraining":[83,104],"achieves":[84],"stable":[85,106],"loss":[86,92],"reduction":[87],"reaches":[89],"the":[90,99],"target":[91],"15.2%":[93],"faster":[94],"wall-clock":[96],"time":[97],"than":[98],"best":[100],"tested":[101],"baseline;":[102],"Llama3-1B":[103],"remains":[105],"under":[107],"larger":[108],"communication":[109],"pressure;":[110],"cross-site":[112],"latency":[113],"traces":[114],"reveal":[115],"site-dependent":[116],"WAN":[117],"spikes":[118],"of":[119],"200s.":[122],"These":[123],"motivate":[125],"adaptive":[126],"support":[128],"for":[129],"synchronization,":[130],"compression,":[131],"placement,":[132],"telemetry,":[133],"recovery":[135],"training.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-13T07:04:57.449891","created_date":"2026-08-12T00:00:00"}