{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7138850238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3788149.3788237","title":"Estimating Code Comprehension Time Using Large Language Models: A Time Based Evaluation of Java Code Understanding","display_name":"Estimating Code Comprehension Time Using Large Language Models: A Time Based Evaluation of Java Code Understanding","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7138850238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3788149.3788237"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3788149.3788237","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3788149.3788237","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 9th International Conference on Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129754304","display_name":"Navruza Tulkunova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116741","display_name":"Innopolis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02b7jh107","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Navruza Tulkunova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innopolis University, Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7436-3397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innopolis University, Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091303770","display_name":"Firas Jolha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116741","display_name":"Innopolis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02b7jh107","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Firas Jolha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innopolis University, Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0664-8007","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innopolis University, Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129760324","display_name":"Aleksandra Egorova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116741","display_name":"Innopolis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02b7jh107","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandra Egorova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innopolis University, Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5024-4538","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innopolis University, Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gleb Bugaev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6873-4053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116741","display_name":"Innopolis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02b7jh107","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gleb Bugaev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innopolis University, Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6873-4053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innopolis University, Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130019124","display_name":"Alyona Maksimova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116741","display_name":"Innopolis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02b7jh107","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alyona Maksimova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innopolis University, Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5849-0121","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innopolis University, Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129854017","display_name":"Dmitriy Okoneshnikov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116741","display_name":"Innopolis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02b7jh107","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dmitriy Okoneshnikov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innopolis University, Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3476-4084","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innopolis University, Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046648065","display_name":"Evgeniy Zuev","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116741","display_name":"Innopolis University","ror":"https://ror.org/02b7jh107","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evgeniy Zuev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Innopolis University, Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7136-8935","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innopolis University, Innopolis, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116741"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"47","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9144999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9144999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.009100000374019146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5620999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.5065000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-comprehension","display_name":"Program comprehension","score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.3285999894142151}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6323000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5620999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.5065000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3788149.3788237","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3788149.3788237","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 9th International Conference on Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483279845","https://openalex.org/W2588642367","https://openalex.org/W2610782696","https://openalex.org/W2741120194","https://openalex.org/W2741561716","https://openalex.org/W2775869126","https://openalex.org/W2783923050","https://openalex.org/W3044934120","https://openalex.org/W4205414202","https://openalex.org/W4247854836","https://openalex.org/W4285233697","https://openalex.org/W4285816396","https://openalex.org/W4309305493","https://openalex.org/W4310018709","https://openalex.org/W4362657725","https://openalex.org/W4401027851"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"source":[1,55],"code":[2,30],"is":[3],"a":[4,25,47,58,73,82,140],"cognitively":[5],"demanding":[6],"task,":[7],"yet":[8],"existing":[9],"complexity":[10,145],"metrics":[11],"primarily":[12],"rely":[13],"on":[14],"structural":[15],"features":[16],"and":[17,133],"overlook":[18],"actual":[19],"human":[20,103],"effort.":[21],"This":[22,137],"paper":[23],"introduces":[24],"time-based":[26,148],"approach":[27],"to":[28,52,143,153],"measuring":[29],"comprehension":[31,78,125],"using":[32],"large":[33],"language":[34],"models":[35],"(LLMs).":[36],"We":[37],"investigate":[38],"whether":[39],"LLMs":[40,71,118],"can":[41,119],"estimate":[42],"the":[43,64,94],"number":[44],"of":[45,60,124],"seconds":[46],"junior":[48,86],"developer":[49],"would":[50],"need":[51],"understand":[53],"Java":[54],"files.":[56],"Using":[57],"dataset":[59],"371":[61],"files":[62],"from":[63],"Apache":[65],"Hive":[66],"project,":[67],"we":[68],"evaluated":[69],"five":[70],"under":[72],"uniform":[74],"prompt":[75,131],"design.":[76],"Human":[77],"times,":[79],"collected":[80],"through":[81],"controlled":[83],"study":[84],"involving":[85],"developers,":[87],"were":[88],"used":[89],"as":[90,150],"ground":[91],"truth.":[92],"Among":[93],"tested":[95],"models,":[96],"Gemini":[97],"2.0":[98],"Flash":[99],"most":[100],"closely":[101],"approximated":[102],"estimates,":[104],"while":[105,117],"others":[106],"exhibited":[107],"systematic":[108],"bias":[109],"or":[110],"output":[111],"instability.":[112],"Our":[113],"findings":[114],"show":[115],"that":[116],"produce":[120],"interpretable,":[121],"numeric":[122],"predictions":[123],"time,":[126],"achieving":[127],"consistent":[128],"accuracy":[129],"requires":[130],"refinement":[132],"potential":[134],"model":[135],"fine-tuning.":[136],"work":[138],"contributes":[139],"behavioral":[141],"perspective":[142],"software":[144],"analysis,":[146],"offering":[147],"estimations":[149],"an":[151],"alternative":[152],"static":[154],"metrics.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-03-20T00:00:00"}