{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154955836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786596","title":"ExNovo: A User Interface that Supports Novices without Encumbering Experts","display_name":"ExNovo: A User Interface that Supports Novices without Encumbering Experts","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154955836","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786596"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3786596","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786596","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287961","display_name":"Games Research and Practice","issn_l":"2832-5516","issn":["2832-5516"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008458432","display_name":"Mark R. Blair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5291-7871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Blair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Science, Simon Fraser University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5291-7871","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Science, Simon Fraser University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134057303","display_name":"Amanda Klassen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5227-0275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amanda Klassen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Science, Simon Fraser University Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5227-0275","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Science, Simon Fraser University Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129589909","display_name":"Justin O'Camb","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin O'camb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Science, Simon Fraser University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3462-014X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Science, Simon Fraser University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058077634","display_name":"Cal Woodruff","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cal Woodruff","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computing Science, Simon Fraser University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computing Science, Simon Fraser University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080070364","display_name":"Rollin Poe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rollin Poe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Science, Simon Fraser University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0302-1911","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Science, Simon Fraser University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083724661","display_name":"Christine Chuong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christine Chuong","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of British Columbia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6311-3051","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of British Columbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134060156","display_name":"Robin Barrett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4501-0910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin Barrett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Science, Simon Fraser University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4501-0910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Science, Simon Fraser University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45374138,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.3034000098705292,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.3034000098705292,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.1632000058889389,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.06809999793767929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.6858999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.5623000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5069000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-user-interface-testing","display_name":"Graphical user interface testing","score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.375900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-user-interface","display_name":"Graphical user interface","score":0.36579999327659607}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7246999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6901999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.6858999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.5623000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5069000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66153210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5597182","display_name":"Graphical user interface testing","level":4,"score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.39239999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.375900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37789001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543","display_name":"Graphical user interface","level":2,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187482481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851756","display_name":"Natural user interface","level":4,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781052500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2230313","display_name":"Shell (structure)","level":2,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197070257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4545902","display_name":"10-foot user interface","level":4,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125367622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q645154","display_name":"Multiple document interface","level":5,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3786596","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786596","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387287961","display_name":"Games Research and Practice","issn_l":"2832-5516","issn":["2832-5516"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Games: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.46516692638397217,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1747565446","https://openalex.org/W1951724000","https://openalex.org/W1964748502","https://openalex.org/W1967315690","https://openalex.org/W1970187526","https://openalex.org/W1981785172","https://openalex.org/W1986841213","https://openalex.org/W1993622183","https://openalex.org/W2000271817","https://openalex.org/W2005546239","https://openalex.org/W2005639687","https://openalex.org/W2013068849","https://openalex.org/W2036530198","https://openalex.org/W2059230219","https://openalex.org/W2076400409","https://openalex.org/W2081428746","https://openalex.org/W2090949033","https://openalex.org/W2115219795","https://openalex.org/W2130416960","https://openalex.org/W2144007431","https://openalex.org/W2147160183","https://openalex.org/W2148766288","https://openalex.org/W2156046656","https://openalex.org/W2197746124","https://openalex.org/W2521017947","https://openalex.org/W2579555219","https://openalex.org/W2581843808","https://openalex.org/W2795386701","https://openalex.org/W2918883224","https://openalex.org/W2923526557","https://openalex.org/W2979051136","https://openalex.org/W3001796748","https://openalex.org/W3019640167","https://openalex.org/W4200167522","https://openalex.org/W4231997915","https://openalex.org/W4254272380","https://openalex.org/W4315926883","https://openalex.org/W6888558906"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"GUIs":[0],"scaffold":[1],"novice":[2,59],"performance":[3,11,122],"by":[4,12],"surfacing":[5],"command":[6,85,105],"options.":[7,86],"Hotkeys":[8],"enable":[9],"expert":[10,63],"obviating":[13],"the":[14,34,55,83,127],"need":[15],"for":[16,144],"menu":[17,44,96],"search":[18],"and":[19,49,80,89,138,142],"finicky":[20],"mouse":[21],"selections.":[22],"Though":[23],"complementary,":[24],"they":[25],"are":[26],"also":[27],"independent:":[28],"learning":[29],"one":[30],"teaches":[31],"little":[32],"about":[33],"other.":[35],"Here,":[36],"we":[37],"introduce":[38],"ExNovo,":[39],"a":[40,58,70,77,94],"hierarchical":[41],"ternary-branching":[42],"tree":[43],"interface":[45,56,128],"that":[46,53,121],"unifies":[47],"GUI":[48],"hotkey":[50],"ideas":[51],"such":[52],"using":[54],"as":[57],"leads":[60],"directly":[61],"to":[62,107,112,136],"performance.":[64],"Command":[65],"selection":[66],"is":[67,100],"done":[68],"through":[69],"memorizable":[71],"sequence":[72],"(e.g.,":[73],"23211)":[74],"input":[75],"with":[76,109,124],"stationary":[78],"hand":[79],"independent":[81],"from":[82],"visualized":[84],"Experiments":[87],"1":[88],"2":[90],"test":[91],"ExNovo":[92,99],"vs":[93],"right-click":[95],"system,":[97],"demonstrating":[98],"faster.":[101],"Experiment":[102],"3":[103],"scales":[104],"quantity":[106],"\u223c400,":[108],"sequences":[110],"up":[111],"length":[113],"six.":[114],"We":[115,130],"find":[116],"this":[117],"impacts":[118],"performance,":[119],"but":[120],"improves":[123],"practice,":[125],"ameliorating":[126],"complexity.":[129],"discuss":[131],"ExNovo's":[132],"accessibility":[133],"benefits,":[134],"applications":[135],"games":[137],"mixed":[139],"reality":[140],"environments,":[141],"questions":[143],"future":[145],"research.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-04-21T00:00:00"}
