{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167598436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786181.3788704","title":"Do LLMs Dream of Energy-Efficient Code?","display_name":"Do LLMs Dream of Energy-Efficient Code?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167598436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786181.3788704"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3786181.3788704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786181.3788704","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Large Language Models For Code","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786181.3788704","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140184860","display_name":"Antimo Di Bernardo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5168-9016"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antimo Di Bernardo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5168-9016","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078500762","display_name":"Gianluca Capozzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0452-6471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gianluca Capozzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0452-6471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031662069","display_name":"Pasquale De Rosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9726-7075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57825437","display_name":"University of Neuch\u00e2tel","ror":"https://ror.org/00vasag41","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57825437"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pasquale De Rosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9726-7075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57825437"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067397962","display_name":"Daniele Cono D\u2019Elia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4358-976X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Cono D'Elia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4358-976X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051841898","display_name":"Leonardo Querzoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8711-4216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Querzoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8711-4216","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103081624","display_name":"Giuseppe Antonio Di Luna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7150-0972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuseppe Antonio Di Luna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7150-0972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033418614","display_name":"Valerio Schiavoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1493-6603"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57825437","display_name":"University of Neuch\u00e2tel","ror":"https://ror.org/00vasag41","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57825437"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valerio Schiavoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1493-6603","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57825437"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9459584,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"82","last_page":"89"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.2777000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.2777000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.1388999968767166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.03280000016093254,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dream","display_name":"Dream","score":0.5684999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lagging","display_name":"Lagging","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5284000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.47369998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-lines-of-code","display_name":"Source lines of code","score":0.40790000557899475}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781095916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36348","display_name":"Dream","level":2,"score":0.5684999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776962539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6472078","display_name":"Lagging","level":2,"score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5284000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.513700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.47369998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199519371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942695","display_name":"Source lines of code","level":3,"score":0.40790000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.39070001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43364308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Byte","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3786181.3788704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786181.3788704","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Large Language Models For Code","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3786181.3788704","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786181.3788704","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Large Language Models For Code","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8992156386375427}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977661221","https://openalex.org/W2025892295","https://openalex.org/W2754398040","https://openalex.org/W2765082293","https://openalex.org/W2963788825","https://openalex.org/W3024575953","https://openalex.org/W4281763794","https://openalex.org/W4367672983","https://openalex.org/W4389518737","https://openalex.org/W4390189088","https://openalex.org/W4399333540","https://openalex.org/W4399577572","https://openalex.org/W4411233290","https://openalex.org/W4411233336","https://openalex.org/W4415798864"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"models":[2],"(LLMs)":[3],"are":[4],"drawing":[5],"considerable":[6],"attention":[7],"as":[8,136],"tools":[9],"for":[10],"automatic":[11],"code":[12,15,21,76,105],"generation.":[13],"LLM-generated":[14,50,104],"is":[16,30],"increasingly":[17],"integrated":[18],"with":[19,150],"human-written":[20,58,113,157],"in":[22],"the":[23,46,72,82,142],"so-called":[24],"vibe-coding":[25],"process,":[26],"producing":[27],"software":[28],"that":[29,53,103,121],"already":[31],"being":[32],"used":[33],"within":[34],"companies.":[35],"A":[36],"recent":[37],"study":[38],"by":[39,69,78,90],"Huang":[40],"et":[41],"al.":[42],"(NeurIPS":[43],"2024)":[44],"investigates":[45],"time":[47],"efficiency":[48,74,144],"of":[49,67,75,85,97,145],"code,":[51],"showing":[52],"it":[54],"still":[55,154],"lags":[56],"behind":[57,156],"code.":[59,114,158],"In":[60],"this":[61,65],"paper,":[62],"we":[63],"extend":[64],"line":[66],"research":[68],"focusing":[70],"on":[71,93,107],"energy":[73,83,110,126,143],"produced":[77],"LLMs.":[79],"We":[80],"compare":[81],"consumption":[84],"812":[86],"Python":[87],"programs":[88],"generated":[89],"several":[91],"LLMs":[92],"a":[94],"large":[95],"set":[96],"benchmark":[98],"problems.":[99],"Our":[100],"experiments":[101],"show":[102],"is,":[106],"average,":[108],"less":[109],"efficient":[111],"than":[112,127],"The":[115],"best":[116],"model,":[117],"GPT-3.5-turbo,":[118],"generates":[119],"solutions":[120,147],"consume":[122],"roughly":[123],"50%":[124],"more":[125],"human":[128],"ones.":[129],"Interestingly,":[130],"larger":[131],"(yet":[132],"closed)":[133],"models,":[134],"such":[135],"Gemini":[137],"and":[138],"GPT-4o,":[139],"can":[140],"improve":[141],"their":[146],"when":[148],"provided":[149],"profiler":[151],"feedback,":[152],"although":[153],"lagging":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-08T06:22:20.291053","created_date":"2026-07-08T00:00:00"}