{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167331764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786157.3788570","title":"BreachT5: Ensembling CodeT5+ Models for Multi-Label Vulnerability Detection in Smart Contracts","display_name":"BreachT5: Ensembling CodeT5+ Models for Multi-Label Vulnerability Detection in Smart Contracts","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167331764","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786157.3788570"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3786157.3788570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786157.3788570","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786157.3788570","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105094249","display_name":"Gregorio Dalia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16337185","display_name":"University of Sannio","ror":"https://ror.org/04vc81p87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregorio Dalia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sannio, Italy, Benevento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6771-6811","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sannio, Italy, Benevento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050605070","display_name":"Tat Luat Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7844-1699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tat Luat Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8280-7963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043960445","display_name":"Andrea Di Sorbo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3192-739X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16337185","display_name":"University of Sannio","ror":"https://ror.org/04vc81p87","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Di Sorbo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sannio, Italy, Benevento, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3192-739X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sannio, Italy, Benevento, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16337185"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048951071","display_name":"Corrado Aaron Visaggio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0558-4450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106296451","display_name":"University of Foggia","ror":"https://ror.org/01xtv3204","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106296451"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corrado Visaggio","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Foggia, Italy, Foggia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0558-4450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Foggia, Italy, Foggia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106296451"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067127346","display_name":"Annibale Panichella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7395-3588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Annibale Panichella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7395-3588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"55","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.15600000321865082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.15600000321865082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.1501999944448471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.09059999883174896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.7890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immutability","display_name":"Immutability","score":0.620199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solidity","display_name":"Solidity","score":0.5200999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4763999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.45669999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.7890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7764000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776126399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3942906","display_name":"Immutability","level":3,"score":0.620199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778362873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24909565","display_name":"Solidity","level":2,"score":0.5200999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4763999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4528000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4221999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.4198000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27636","display_name":"Majority rule","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3786157.3788570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786157.3788570","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3786157.3788570","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3786157.3788570","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5169026255607605,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2604844934","https://openalex.org/W2805052744","https://openalex.org/W2846896781","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W3043576244","https://openalex.org/W3116484444","https://openalex.org/W3198685994","https://openalex.org/W4221106574","https://openalex.org/W4389519352","https://openalex.org/W4394745423","https://openalex.org/W4405844021","https://openalex.org/W4412537450"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ethereum":[0],"smart":[1],"contracts":[2,82],"manage":[3],"billions":[4],"in":[5,68,155],"digital":[6],"assets,":[7],"and":[8,19,36,144,153],"vulnerability":[9,66,96,157],"detection":[10,67,93],"is":[11],"critical":[12],"given":[13],"the":[14,20,85,101,135,148],"immutability":[15],"of":[16,23,58,103],"deployed":[17],"code":[18],"irreversible":[21],"nature":[22],"transactions.":[24],"However,":[25],"existing":[26],"tools":[27],"such":[28],"as":[29],"Slither":[30],"rely":[31],"on":[32,78,110,115,134],"rigid,":[33],"rule-based":[34],"analysis,":[35],"general-purpose":[37],"language":[38],"models":[39,62,125],"like":[40],"ChatGPT":[41],"often":[42],"miss":[43],"rare":[44,116],"or":[45],"context-dependent":[46],"bugs.":[47],"To":[48,118],"address":[49],"these":[50],"limitations,":[51],"this":[52,120],"paper":[53],"presents":[54],"BreachT5,":[55],"an":[56],"ensemble":[57],"two":[59,149],"fine-tuned":[60],"CodeT5+":[61],"designed":[63],"for":[64],"multi-label":[65,156],"Solidity":[69],"contracts.":[70],"We":[71,98],"first":[72],"fine-tune":[73],"a":[74,104],"220M":[75],"parameter":[76],"model":[77],"over":[79],"67,000":[80],"real":[81],"labeled":[83],"with":[84,129],"Smart":[86],"Contract":[87],"Weakness":[88],"Classification":[89],"(SWC),":[90],"revealing":[91],"intrinsic":[92],"differences":[94],"across":[95],"types.":[97],"then":[99],"explore":[100],"performance":[102],"770M":[105],"variant,":[106],"which":[107],"improves":[108],"accuracy":[109],"frequent":[111],"classes":[112],"but":[113],"underperforms":[114],"ones.":[117],"balance":[119],"trade-off,":[121],"BreachT5":[122,140],"combines":[123],"both":[124],"via":[126],"soft":[127],"voting":[128],"per-class":[130],"thresholds.":[131],"Our":[132],"results":[133],"BCCC-SCsVuls2024":[136],"dataset":[137],"show":[138],"that":[139],"achieves":[141],"0.556":[142],"Macro-F1":[143],"0.612":[145],"Micro-F1,":[146],"outperforming":[147],"standalone":[150],"models,":[151],"Slither,":[152],"GPT-5":[154],"detection.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-07-05T00:00:00"}
