{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155649435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3785022.3785096","title":"Understanding and Modeling Math Strategy Use in Intelligent Tutoring Systems","display_name":"Understanding and Modeling Math Strategy Use in Intelligent Tutoring Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155649435","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3785022.3785096"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3785022.3785096","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3785022.3785096","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the LAK26: 16th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3785022.3785096","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093495950","display_name":"Abisha Thapa Magar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7705-3735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abisha Thapa Magar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Memphis, Memphis, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7705-3735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis, Memphis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134606038","display_name":"Asad Uzzaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4342-556X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asad Uzzaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Memphis, Memphis, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4342-556X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis, Memphis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134607043","display_name":"Tali Zacks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5817-0544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153386","display_name":"Carnegie Learning, Inc. (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01h5a0582","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153386"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tali Zacks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Learning, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5817-0544","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Learning, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030848384","display_name":"Stephen E. Fancsali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4016-8145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153386","display_name":"Carnegie Learning, Inc. (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01h5a0582","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153386"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Fancsali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Learning, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4016-8145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Learning, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098728888","display_name":"Vasile Rus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4739-0440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasile Rus","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Memphis, Memphis, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4739-0440","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis, Memphis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004176645","display_name":"April Murphy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-2868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153386","display_name":"Carnegie Learning, Inc. (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01h5a0582","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153386"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"April Murphy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Learning, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8283-2868","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Learning, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134618047","display_name":"Ethan Moltz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2516-1347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153386","display_name":"Carnegie Learning, Inc. (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01h5a0582","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153386"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Moltz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Learning, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2516-1347","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Learning, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153386"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015399425","display_name":"STEVE RITTER","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2807-9390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153386","display_name":"Carnegie Learning, Inc. (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01h5a0582","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153386"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Ritter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Learning, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2807-9390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Learning, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153386"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103421781","display_name":"Deepak Venugopal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-5417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Venugopal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Memphis, Memphis, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-5417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis, Memphis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093495950"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95876802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"457","last_page":"468"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6367999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5271999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5126000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-tutoring-system","display_name":"Intelligent tutoring system","score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.4244999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.367900013923645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6367999911308289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6237999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5271999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5126000046730042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49540001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779336797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055492","display_name":"Intelligent tutoring system","level":2,"score":0.4287000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.4244999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3785022.3785096","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3785022.3785096","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the LAK26: 16th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3785022.3785096","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3785022.3785096","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the LAK26: 16th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8439787030220032,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W645505198","https://openalex.org/W940491163","https://openalex.org/W1971228271","https://openalex.org/W1976637107","https://openalex.org/W1982343866","https://openalex.org/W1987551977","https://openalex.org/W1988296470","https://openalex.org/W2015040676","https://openalex.org/W2023654650","https://openalex.org/W2084413241","https://openalex.org/W2105549794","https://openalex.org/W2180809782","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W4254215869","https://openalex.org/W4396655051","https://openalex.org/W4407842511","https://openalex.org/W4411627694","https://openalex.org/W4412966592","https://openalex.org/W4417128306"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"investigate":[1],"how":[2],"students":[3,44,75,111,128],"learn":[4,45,78],"to":[5,38,62,81,126,129,139,157],"apply":[6],"context-specific":[7],"math":[8],"strategies":[9,47,103],"by":[10,142],"analyzing":[11],"data":[12,138],"from":[13,22,107,136],"MATHia":[14],"(a":[15],"widely":[16],"used":[17],"Intelligent":[18],"Tutoring":[19],"System)":[20],"collected":[21],"a":[23,33,64,72],"large":[24],"set":[25,34],"of":[26,35,74,102,120,174],"schools.":[27],"In":[28],"particular,":[29],"we":[30,90,116],"focus":[31],"on":[32],"lessons":[36,54],"designed":[37],"teach":[39],"ratios":[40],"and":[41,49,95,98,112,133],"proportions,":[42],"where":[43],"multiple":[46],"individually":[48],"then":[50],"are":[51,58],"presented":[52,59],"with":[53,60],"in":[55,162],"which":[56],"they":[57],"options":[61],"make":[63],"choice":[65],"between":[66,110],"strategies.":[67,84],"Our":[68,147],"results":[69,148,154],"demonstrate":[70,149],"that":[71,124,150,155],"majority":[73],"may":[76,152,168],"not":[77,169],"conditional":[79],"reasoning":[80],"select":[82],"optimal":[83,131],"To":[85],"understand":[86],"this":[87],"more":[88],"deeply,":[89],"use":[91],"knowledge":[92],"tracing":[93],"models":[94],"also":[96],"explain":[97],"interpret":[99],"neural":[100],"representations":[101],"learned":[104],"using":[105],"BERT":[106],"step-level":[108],"interactions":[109],"the":[113,118,130,166,172],"ITS.":[114],"Finally,":[115],"study":[117],"effectiveness":[119],"MATHia\u2019s":[121],"adaptive":[122],"supports":[123],"attempt":[125],"guide":[127],"strategy,":[132],"compare":[134],"insights":[135],"our":[137],"those":[140],"produced":[141],"state-of-the-art":[143],"generative":[144],"AI":[145],"models.":[146],"LLMs":[151],"produce":[153],"seem":[156],"reflect":[158,171],"ideal,":[159],"expected":[160],"outcomes":[161],"strategy":[163],"learning,":[164],"but":[165],"generation":[167],"accurately":[170],"complexities":[173],"real":[175],"student":[176],"learning.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2026-04-26T00:00:00"}