{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414744710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3785022.3785035","title":"AI Knows Best? The Paradox of Expertise, AI-Reliance, and Performance in Educational Tutoring Decision-Making Tasks","display_name":"AI Knows Best? The Paradox of Expertise, AI-Reliance, and Performance in Educational Tutoring Decision-Making Tasks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414744710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3785022.3785035"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3785022.3785035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3785022.3785035","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the LAK26: 16th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3785022.3785035","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009929815","display_name":"Eason Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1486-8559"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eason Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1486-8559","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111296494","display_name":"Jeffrey Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4393-5773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon Univeristy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1686-0545","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon Univeristy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Scarlett Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1282-1924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scarlett Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1282-1924","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101891560","display_name":"Xinyi Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5786-4414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1089-8550","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021833341","display_name":"Jionghao Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3320-3907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jionghao Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3320-3907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060629464","display_name":"Paulo Carvalho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5230-555X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo Carvalho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0449-3733","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062550465","display_name":"Kenneth R. Koedinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5850-4768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth Koedinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5850-4768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009929815"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00555519,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"736","last_page":"743"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.4553999900817871,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.4553999900817871,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12805","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Mapping","score":0.43299999833106995,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.42289999127388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/praise","display_name":"Praise","score":0.8507000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutor","display_name":"TUTOR","score":0.6924999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/style","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.38940000534057617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775868214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208425","display_name":"Praise","level":2,"score":0.8507000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.6924999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6255000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5062999725341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.46380001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1792644","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","level":2,"score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.38940000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779336797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055492","display_name":"Intelligent tutoring system","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2547000050544739}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3785022.3785035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3785022.3785035","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the LAK26: 16th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.16772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.16772","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.16772","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.16772","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.16772","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3785022.3785035","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3785022.3785035","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the LAK26: 16th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,28,122],"present":[1],"an":[2,71],"empirical":[3],"study":[4],"examining":[5],"how":[6,178,193],"experienced":[7],"tutors":[8],"(experts)":[9],"and":[10,25,43,130,165,182,184,221],"non-tutors":[11],"(novices)":[12],"evaluate":[13],"the":[14,138,146,205],"correctness":[15],"of":[16,117],"tutor":[17],"praise":[18],"responses":[19],"under":[20],"different":[21],"AI-assisted":[22],"decision-support":[23],"interfaces":[24],"explanation":[26,126,161,210],"styles.":[27],"examine":[29],"human-AI":[30,59,224],"reliance":[31,179],"patterns":[32,180],"by":[33,84],"decomposing":[34],"interaction":[35],"errors":[36,80],"into":[37],"over-reliance":[38,144],"(accepting":[39],"incorrect":[40],"AI":[41,47,93,100,107,139,147,200],"suggestions)":[42],"under-reliance":[44,136],"(rejecting":[45],"correct":[46,106,141],"suggestions),":[48],"together":[49],"with":[50],"time":[51,168,185],"cost":[52,186],"as":[53,188],"a":[54,85,115,171],"process-level":[55,189],"indicator.":[56],"Across":[57],"conditions,":[58],"collaboration":[60],"improved":[61,163],"accuracy":[62],"compared":[63],"to":[64,98,173,198],"humans":[65],"working":[66],"alone,":[67],"but":[68,142],"consistently":[69],"underperformed":[70],"AI-only":[72],"baseline,":[73],"indicating":[74],"that":[75,191,217],"human":[76],"judgment":[77],"introduced":[78],"additional":[79],"even":[81],"when":[82,137,145],"assisted":[83],"highly":[86],"accurate":[87],"model.":[88],"Novices":[89],"benefited":[90],"more":[91],"from":[92],"support":[94,215],"since":[95],"they":[96],"tend":[97],"follow":[99],"suggestions,":[101],"whereas":[102],"experts":[103],"frequently":[104],"overrode":[105],"advice,":[108],"resulting":[109],"in":[110,119,212,223],"lower":[111],"overall":[112],"performance,":[113],"revealing":[114],"paradox":[116],"expertise":[118],"educational":[120],"decision-making.":[121],"further":[123],"compare":[124],"two":[125],"modalities:":[127],"textual":[128],"reasoning":[129,134],"inline":[131,151],"highlighting.":[132],"Textual":[133],"reduced":[135],"was":[140,148],"increased":[143,167],"wrong,":[149],"while":[150],"highlighting":[152],"exerted":[153],"minimal":[154],"influence":[155],"on":[156],"either":[157],"behavior.":[158],"Notably,":[159],"neither":[160],"modality":[162],"accuracy,":[164,219],"both":[166],"costs.":[169],"As":[170],"contribution":[172],"learning":[174],"analytics,":[175],"we":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"(over-reliance":[181],"under-reliance)":[183],"function":[187],"indicators":[190],"reveal":[192],"users":[194],"integrate,":[195,199],"or":[196],"fail":[197],"recommendations.":[201],"Our":[202],"findings":[203],"underscore":[204],"need":[206],"for":[207],"adaptive,":[208],"trust-calibrated":[209],"strategies":[211],"tutor-facing":[213],"decision":[214],"systems":[216],"balance":[218],"efficiency,":[220],"accountability":[222],"collaboration.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-04T08:30:34.212998","created_date":"2025-10-02T00:00:00"}