{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416996036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779294","title":"An Empirical Analysis of Loss Functions for Deep Retinal Vessel Segmentation","display_name":"An Empirical Analysis of Loss Functions for Deep Retinal Vessel Segmentation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416996036","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779294"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3779294","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174653","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare","issn_l":"2637-8051","issn":["2637-8051","2691-1957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/en/publications/d85f493d-9811-43cd-9d44-28e9afdaddb7","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030013622","display_name":"Ayoub Fatihi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8572-6553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97565354","display_name":"University of Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/019whta54","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayoub Fatihi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland","Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, University of Lausanne, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8572-6553","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences and Environment, University of Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008967203","display_name":"Toufique Ahmed Soomro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8560-0026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153230381","display_name":"Charles Sturt University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wfvh315","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toufique Ahmed Soomro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University\u2014Bathurst Campus, Bathurst, Australia  and Department of Electronic Engineering, The University of Larkano, Larkana, Pakistan","Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Australia and Department of Electronic Engineering, The University of Larkano, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8560-0026","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University\u2014Bathurst Campus, Bathurst, Australia  and Department of Electronic Engineering, The University of Larkano, Larkana, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Futures Institute, Charles Sturt University, Australia and Department of Electronic Engineering, The University of Larkano, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047454317","display_name":"Tareq A. Alawneh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2400-1599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33926330","display_name":"Al-Balqa Applied University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qedmt22","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tareq A. Alawneh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan","Electrical Engineering Department, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2400-1599","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039719067","display_name":"Ahmed J. Afifi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6782-6753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148560","display_name":"Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04kdb0j04","country_code":"DE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1305996414","https://openalex.org/I2801798921","https://openalex.org/I4210148560"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed J. Afifi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Freiberg, Germany","Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology (HIF), Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6782-6753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Freiberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148560"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology (HIF), Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148560"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038892952","display_name":"Faisal Bin Ubaid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4111-143X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68288478","display_name":"Sukkur IBA University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5jvk98","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faisal Bin Ubaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan","Computer Science Department, Sukkur IBA University., Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4111-143X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Sukkur IBA University., Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68288478"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011347476","display_name":"Herbert F. Jelinek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5457-6193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176601375","display_name":"Khalifa University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05hffr360","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Herbert Jelinek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Engineering Innovation Center and biotechnology Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","Health Engineering Innovation Center and biotechnology Center, Khalifa University, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5457-6193","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Engineering Innovation Center and biotechnology Center, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Engineering Innovation Center and biotechnology Center, Khalifa University, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176601375"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030828106","display_name":"Lihong Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5728-4356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153230381","display_name":"Charles Sturt University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wfvh315","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lihong Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia","School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5728-4356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031830580","display_name":"Shafique Ahmed Soomro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1610-0245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093622","display_name":"Indus University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqpmg61","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093622"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shafique Ahmed Soomro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Technology Indus University Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan","Faculty of Engineering & Technology Indus University Karachi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1610-0245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Technology Indus University Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093622"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering & Technology Indus University Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093622"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015817857","display_name":"Junbin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9803-0256"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junbin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Discipline of Business Analytics in Business School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","Discipline of Business Analytics in Business School, The University of Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9803-0256","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Discipline of Business Analytics in Business School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Discipline of Business Analytics in Business School, The University of Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":6,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48506718,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.8032000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5048999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.4505999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.4381999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.3950999975204468}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.8032000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.695900022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5048999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49380001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4505999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4381999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3950999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22029948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45089","display_name":"Dice","level":2,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780827179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422001","display_name":"Retinal","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3779294","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174653","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare","issn_l":"2637-8051","issn":["2637-8051","2691-1957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/d85f493d-9811-43cd-9d44-28e9afdaddb7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/en/publications/d85f493d-9811-43cd-9d44-28e9afdaddb7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055442","display_name":"Charles Sturt University Research Output (CRO)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fatihi, A, Soomro, T A, Alawneh, T A, Afifi, A J, Bin Ubaid, F, Jelinek, H, Zheng, L, Soomro, S A & Gao, J 2026, 'An empirical analysis of loss functions for deep retinal vessel segmentation', ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare, vol. 7, no. 1, 11, pp. 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1145/3779294","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/d85f493d-9811-43cd-9d44-28e9afdaddb7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://researchoutput.csu.edu.au/en/publications/d85f493d-9811-43cd-9d44-28e9afdaddb7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055442","display_name":"Charles Sturt University Research Output (CRO)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fatihi, A, Soomro, T A, Alawneh, T A, Afifi, A J, Bin Ubaid, F, Jelinek, H, Zheng, L, Soomro, S A & Gao, J 2026, 'An empirical analysis of loss functions for deep retinal vessel segmentation', ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare, vol. 7, no. 1, 11, pp. 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1145/3779294","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595827679","https://openalex.org/W845365781","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1963882359","https://openalex.org/W2019778763","https://openalex.org/W2025768430","https://openalex.org/W2033723371","https://openalex.org/W2037776979","https://openalex.org/W2044880603","https://openalex.org/W2049822456","https://openalex.org/W2051578148","https://openalex.org/W2070351799","https://openalex.org/W2090272372","https://openalex.org/W2104195344","https://openalex.org/W2119399382","https://openalex.org/W2121913681","https://openalex.org/W2123434300","https://openalex.org/W2145305441","https://openalex.org/W2150769593","https://openalex.org/W2163344010","https://openalex.org/W2170092083","https://openalex.org/W2171459511","https://openalex.org/W2206167351","https://openalex.org/W2320230300","https://openalex.org/W2327793514","https://openalex.org/W2432555109","https://openalex.org/W2433259561","https://openalex.org/W2488605601","https://openalex.org/W2556022279","https://openalex.org/W2561516185","https://openalex.org/W2587499148","https://openalex.org/W2593175742","https://openalex.org/W2606534623","https://openalex.org/W2620722267","https://openalex.org/W2626807635","https://openalex.org/W2766522389","https://openalex.org/W2768610230","https://openalex.org/W2782364420","https://openalex.org/W2792110043","https://openalex.org/W2794329395","https://openalex.org/W2800821945","https://openalex.org/W2801013643","https://openalex.org/W2801475611","https://openalex.org/W2802388893","https://openalex.org/W2805367842","https://openalex.org/W2805606562","https://openalex.org/W2809144587","https://openalex.org/W2893691907","https://openalex.org/W2895693960","https://openalex.org/W2898910301","https://openalex.org/W2899190255","https://openalex.org/W2911558038","https://openalex.org/W2919057270","https://openalex.org/W2923997689","https://openalex.org/W2941942490","https://openalex.org/W2946039882","https://openalex.org/W2946570412","https://openalex.org/W2948525168","https://openalex.org/W2955571529","https://openalex.org/W2960665958","https://openalex.org/W2962867684","https://openalex.org/W2971614929","https://openalex.org/W2980524126","https://openalex.org/W2982297179","https://openalex.org/W2982364173","https://openalex.org/W2998739787","https://openalex.org/W3010373058","https://openalex.org/W3011551863","https://openalex.org/W3018877756","https://openalex.org/W3026680290","https://openalex.org/W3028454950","https://openalex.org/W3030810865","https://openalex.org/W3031997074","https://openalex.org/W3036597192","https://openalex.org/W3043116777","https://openalex.org/W3045586331","https://openalex.org/W3048209253","https://openalex.org/W3088134786","https://openalex.org/W3091119025","https://openalex.org/W3091601247","https://openalex.org/W3136811059","https://openalex.org/W3139500978","https://openalex.org/W3167876016","https://openalex.org/W3199590946","https://openalex.org/W4220740083","https://openalex.org/W4225339296","https://openalex.org/W4283371428","https://openalex.org/W4283738125","https://openalex.org/W4315780974","https://openalex.org/W4384819616","https://openalex.org/W4385611612","https://openalex.org/W4388269137","https://openalex.org/W4389262978","https://openalex.org/W4392131797","https://openalex.org/W4403553937","https://openalex.org/W4404457874"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Retinal":[0],"vessel":[1,42,159],"segmentation":[2,43],"underpins":[3],"computer-assisted":[4],"screening":[5],"and":[6,10,65,74,80,88,95,109,113,117,119,148],"monitoring":[7],"of":[8,38,111,130],"ocular":[9],"systemic":[11],"disease.":[12],"While":[13],"encoder\u2013decoder":[14],"networks":[15],"such":[16],"as":[17],"U-Net":[18,46],"are":[19],"widely":[20],"used,":[21],"their":[22],"behavior":[23],"is":[24,133],"strongly":[25],"shaped":[26],"by":[27],"the":[28,53,78,128,140],"training":[29],"objective.":[30],"This":[31],"work":[32],"presents":[33],"a":[34,45,57,104,134],"controlled":[35],"empirical":[36],"study":[37,132],"loss":[39,143],"functions":[40],"for":[41,154],"using":[44],"architecture":[47],"that":[48,138],"employs":[49],"strided":[50],"convolutions":[51],"in":[52,157],"encoder,":[54],"together":[55],"with":[56,100],"consistent":[58],"pre-processing":[59],"pipeline":[60],"based":[61],"on":[62,77,115,121,145],"morphological":[63],"enhancement":[64],"principal":[66],"component":[67],"analysis.":[68],"We":[69],"compare":[70],"cross-entropy,":[71,73],"weighted":[72,101],"Dice":[75],"losses":[76],"DRIVE":[79],"STARE":[81],"datasets":[82],"under":[83],"identical":[84],"settings,":[85],"reporting":[86],"pixel-wise":[87],"overlap-based":[89],"measures":[90],"to":[91],"reflect":[92],"both":[93],"detection":[94],"spatial":[96],"agreement.":[97],"The":[98],"configuration":[99],"cross-entropy":[102],"provides":[103],"balanced":[105],"outcome,":[106],"achieving":[107],"sensitivity":[108],"accuracy":[110],"0.873":[112],"0.969":[114],"DRIVE,":[116],"0.821":[118],"0.961":[120],"STARE.":[122],"Rather":[123],"than":[124],"proposing":[125],"architectural":[126],"novelty,":[127],"contribution":[129],"this":[131],"reproducible":[135],"data-driven":[136],"comparison":[137],"clarifies":[139],"tradeoffs":[141],"each":[142],"imposes":[144],"recall,":[146],"specificity,":[147],"boundary":[149],"fidelity,":[150],"offering":[151],"practical":[152],"guidance":[153],"selecting":[155],"objectives":[156],"retinal":[158],"segmentation.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-04T00:00:00"}