{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134936570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779212.3790120","title":"A Framework for Developing and Optimizing Fully Homomorphic Encryption Programs on GPUs","display_name":"A Framework for Developing and Optimizing Fully Homomorphic Encryption Programs on GPUs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134936570","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779212.3790120"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3779212.3790120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779212.3790120","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 2","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779212.3790120","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jianyu Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4175-760X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianyu Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4175-760X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xueyu Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3325-0682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueyu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3325-0682","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128119136","display_name":"Guang Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guang Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5389-0823","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128745505","display_name":"Mingzhe Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhe Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6440-7550","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128784444","display_name":"Shoumeng Yan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoumeng Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ant Group, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9580-5395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ant Group, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lei Ju","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6186-5399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Ju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6186-5399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030309370","display_name":"Zhuoran Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9767-2767"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuoran Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9767-2767","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5062688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"25","last_page":"40"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.7253999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.7253999710083008,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.16169999539852142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.03350000083446503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5192999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.4083000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuda","display_name":"CUDA","score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coprocessor","display_name":"Coprocessor","score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.358599990606308}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8744999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.6086999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5192999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4472000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.4083000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477690","display_name":"CUDA","level":2,"score":0.38989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86111242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859595","display_name":"Coprocessor","level":2,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.358599990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3441999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779851693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183484","display_name":"Graphics processing unit","level":2,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139571649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156793","display_name":"Program optimization","level":3,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50630238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971505","display_name":"General-purpose computing on graphics processing units","level":3,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781172179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853109","display_name":"Parallelism (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.2773999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49154492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5300","display_name":"Central processing unit","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3779212.3790120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779212.3790120","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 2","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3779212.3790120","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779212.3790120","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 31st ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, Volume 2","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46237123012542725,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2075025003","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2606882085","https://openalex.org/W2794927157","https://openalex.org/W2801958627","https://openalex.org/W2955401130","https://openalex.org/W2969350772","https://openalex.org/W3012235108","https://openalex.org/W3033405216","https://openalex.org/W3035669514","https://openalex.org/W3094696138","https://openalex.org/W3155680838","https://openalex.org/W4220830361","https://openalex.org/W4281609193","https://openalex.org/W4281792301","https://openalex.org/W4380881143","https://openalex.org/W4383899661","https://openalex.org/W4386942772","https://openalex.org/W4389491906","https://openalex.org/W4399851001","https://openalex.org/W4406309620"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"sensitive":[1],"domains":[2],"such":[3,120],"as":[4,121],"healthcare":[5],"and":[6,21,50,70,98,124],"finance,":[7],"machine":[8],"learning":[9],"increasingly":[10],"employs":[11],"Fully":[12],"Homomorphic":[13],"Encryption":[14],"(FHE)":[15],"to":[16,94,105,150,154],"secure":[17],"both":[18],"user":[19],"data":[20],"models.":[22],"Although":[23],"FHE's":[24,63],"intrinsic":[25],"parallelism":[26],"naturally":[27],"aligns":[28],"with":[29,165,178],"GPU":[30,33,82,151,157,170],"architectures,":[31],"optimizing":[32],"kernels":[34,83],"alone":[35],"remains":[36],"insufficient":[37],"for":[38,111],"efficient":[39],"end-to-end":[40],"FHE":[41,48,102,148,158,163],"application":[42],"development.":[43],"The":[44],"inherent":[45],"complexity":[46],"of":[47,100,176,181],"schemes":[49],"intricate":[51],"GPU-specific":[52],"details":[53],"impede":[54],"developers":[55],"from":[56,146],"focusing":[57],"on":[58],"high-level":[59,109,147],"program":[60],"logic.":[61],"Additionally,":[62],"high":[64],"memory":[65,68,125,166],"requirements,":[66],"fine-grained":[67],"operations,":[69],"redundant":[71],"computations":[72],"introduce":[73],"further":[74],"optimization":[75,99,131,141],"challenges,":[76],"resulting":[77],"in":[78],"inefficiencies":[79],"even":[80],"when":[81],"are":[84],"individually":[85],"optimized.":[86],"This":[87],"paper":[88],"introduces":[89],"EasyFHE,":[90],"a":[91,179],"framework":[92,132],"designed":[93],"simplify":[95],"the":[96,144],"development":[97],"GPU-accelerated":[101],"applications.":[103],"Similar":[104],"PyTorch,":[106],"EasyFHE":[107,160],"provides":[108],"interfaces":[110],"defining":[112],"computational":[113],"logic":[114],"while":[115],"automatically":[116],"handling":[117],"low-level":[118],"tasks,":[119],"implementation":[122],"selection":[123],"management.":[126],"Furthermore,":[127],"it":[128],"incorporates":[129],"an":[130,173],"that":[133],"systematically":[134],"addresses":[135],"performance":[136],"bottlenecks":[137],"by":[138],"applying":[139],"tailored":[140],"passes":[142],"during":[143],"lowering":[145],"programs":[149,164],"kernels.":[152],"Compared":[153],"state-of-the-art":[155],"open-source":[156],"libraries,":[159],"uniquely":[161],"supports":[162],"requirements":[167],"exceeding":[168],"typical":[169],"capacities,":[171],"achieving":[172],"average":[174],"speedup":[175],"2.88\u00d7":[177],"peak":[180],"4.39\u00d7.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-03-12T00:00:00"}
