{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163542686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779208.3785378","title":"CRX-ray: Large-Scale Detection of API Key Leakage in Browser Extensions","display_name":"CRX-ray: Large-Scale Detection of API Key Leakage in Browser Extensions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163542686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779208.3785378"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3779208.3785378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779208.3785378","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779208.3785378","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137861379","display_name":"Wei Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7002-4874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155156","display_name":"Merseytravel","ror":"https://ror.org/05azmgh93","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155156"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Informatics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7002-4874","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137815766","display_name":"Zhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-9254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, TianJin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-9254","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, TianJin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137331982","display_name":"Valerio Bucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5692-3952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valerio Bucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5692-3952","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003386801","display_name":"X Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, TianJin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3842-9366","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, TianJin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061654353","display_name":"Xin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6473-7149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, TianJin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1356-6631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, TianJin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100347375","display_name":"Siyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0283-3343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, TianJin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7112-8550","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptology and Cyber Science, Nankai University, TianJin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023978917","display_name":"Yuejun Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5535-2420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112527","display_name":"Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01t178j62","country_code":"LU","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112527"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuejun Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg, Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5535-2420","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Luxembourg, Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112527"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137866069","display_name":"Wanpeng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6396-9578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155156","display_name":"Merseytravel","ror":"https://ror.org/05azmgh93","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155156"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanpeng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Informatics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6396-9578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155156"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1200","last_page":"1212"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.6855000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.6855000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.08760000020265579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.0406000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.5376999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.25209999084472656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6080999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5376999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.24210000038146973}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3779208.3785378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779208.3785378","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/c492cb7c-f472-42fe-a753-779629e136e9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/c492cb7c-f472-42fe-a753-779629e136e9","pdf_url":"https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/691094097/3779208.3785378.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Zeng, W, Wang, Z, Bucci, V, Chen, X, Yang, X, Zhang, S, Guo, Y & Li, W 2026, CRX-ray: large-scale detection of API key leakage in browser extensions. in ASIA CCS '26: Proceedings of the ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security. Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 1200-1212. https://doi.org/10.1145/3779208.3785378","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3779208.3785378","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3779208.3785378","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1909163279","https://openalex.org/W1982042804","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2007233195","https://openalex.org/W2088673953","https://openalex.org/W2124532504","https://openalex.org/W2258082031","https://openalex.org/W2294912735","https://openalex.org/W2590472464","https://openalex.org/W2771281827","https://openalex.org/W2793024489","https://openalex.org/W2891060526","https://openalex.org/W2945355808","https://openalex.org/W2947593054","https://openalex.org/W2999585024","https://openalex.org/W3005977564","https://openalex.org/W3010949534","https://openalex.org/W3012679427","https://openalex.org/W3110204761","https://openalex.org/W3187895569","https://openalex.org/W4200561106","https://openalex.org/W4229007013","https://openalex.org/W4254697110","https://openalex.org/W4284664377","https://openalex.org/W4308643562","https://openalex.org/W4312875384","https://openalex.org/W4388857088","https://openalex.org/W4389195560","https://openalex.org/W4389195630"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,38],"rapid":[1],"proliferation":[2],"of":[3,40,61,111,120,163],"AI-enabled":[4],"browser":[5,66,143,166],"extensions":[6,72,99,167],"has":[7],"introduced":[8],"significant":[9],"security":[10,59],"vulnerabilities.":[11],"These":[12],"client-side":[13],"applications,":[14],"distributed":[15],"with":[16,118],"exposed":[17,93],"source":[18],"files,":[19],"frequently":[20],"embed":[21],"API":[22,42,62,83,112,139,157],"keys":[23,43,84,96,113,122],"from":[24],"AI":[25,94],"platforms":[26],"-":[27],"credentials":[28],"designed":[29],"to":[30,50,137,150,153],"track":[31],"usage":[32],"for":[33],"billing":[34],"and":[35,47,76,155,172],"prevent":[36],"misuse.":[37],"exposure":[39],"these":[41],"poses":[44],"substantial":[45],"financial":[46],"operational":[48],"risks":[49],"extension":[51],"developers.":[52],"This":[53],"study":[54],"presents":[55],"the":[56,133,161],"first":[57],"comprehensive":[58],"analysis":[60,107],"key":[63,140,158],"leakage":[64,141],"in":[65,142],"extensions.":[67,87,127,144],"We":[68],"systematically":[69],"analyzed":[70],"163,924":[71],"across":[73,85,97,114],"Chrome,":[74],"Firefox,":[75],"Edge":[77],"stores,":[78],"uncovering":[79],"3,677":[80],"unique":[81],"leaked":[82],"4,145":[86],"Most":[88],"critically":[89],"we":[90,131,148],"identified":[91],"300":[92],"platform":[95],"309":[98],"that":[100,168],"collectively":[101],"serve":[102],"1,045,339":[103],"users.":[104,173],"Furthermore,":[105],"our":[106],"reveals":[108],"prominent":[109],"reuse":[110],"different":[115],"extensions,":[116],"along":[117],"instances":[119],"multiple":[121],"being":[123],"used":[124],"by":[125],"single":[126],"In":[128],"this":[129],"paper,":[130],"introduce":[132],"CRX-ray":[134],"detection":[135],"framework":[136],"identify":[138,154],"By":[145],"open-sourcing":[146],"CRX-ray,":[147],"aim":[149],"empower":[151],"developers":[152,171],"mitigate":[156],"leakage,":[159],"fostering":[160],"development":[162],"more":[164],"secure":[165],"protect":[169],"both":[170]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-06-05T00:00:00"}