{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125599026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3778349","title":"FreeShell: A Context-Free 4D Printing Technique for Fabricating Complex 3D Triangle Mesh Shells","display_name":"FreeShell: A Context-Free 4D Printing Technique for Fabricating Complex 3D Triangle Mesh Shells","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125599026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3778349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3778349","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3778349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019113664","display_name":"Chao Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1864-2792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chao Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1864-2792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5097633117","display_name":"Shengqi Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5301-884X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengqi Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5301-884X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123751548","display_name":"Xuejiao Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuejiao Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Big Data Visualization Lab, Tongji University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6225-0445","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Big Data Visualization Lab, Tongji University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700","https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123737273","display_name":"Nan Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nan Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1316-7515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019113664"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15189427,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9527000188827515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.9527000188827515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10707","display_name":"Cellular and Composite Structures","score":0.012400000356137753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12190","display_name":"Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fabrication","display_name":"Fabrication","score":0.6953999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-printing","display_name":"3D printing","score":0.651199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shrinkage","display_name":"Shrinkage","score":0.6333000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","score":0.5967000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impression","display_name":"Impression","score":0.36730000376701355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.6953999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524769229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3D printing","level":2,"score":0.651199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180145272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7504144","display_name":"Shrinkage","level":2,"score":0.6333000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5967000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5788999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5383999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.4465999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776684213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6007582","display_name":"Impression","level":2,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194401833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3456889","display_name":"Triangle mesh","level":3,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.3596000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93021684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816735","display_name":"Pressing","level":2,"score":0.336899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3208000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50637493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136781","display_name":"Morphing","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780395129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128971","display_name":"Rapid prototyping","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3778349","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3778349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185367456","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","issn_l":"0730-0301","issn":["0730-0301","1557-7368"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2035932952","https://openalex.org/W2075459747","https://openalex.org/W2124404145","https://openalex.org/W2126616676","https://openalex.org/W2129544656","https://openalex.org/W2131063824","https://openalex.org/W2266720690","https://openalex.org/W2377714159","https://openalex.org/W2407391842","https://openalex.org/W2473481598","https://openalex.org/W2474764209","https://openalex.org/W2554452945","https://openalex.org/W2610794929","https://openalex.org/W2686900739","https://openalex.org/W2737928588","https://openalex.org/W2738757214","https://openalex.org/W2765687759","https://openalex.org/W2769924599","https://openalex.org/W2795511690","https://openalex.org/W2810303719","https://openalex.org/W2810531573","https://openalex.org/W2811205364","https://openalex.org/W2896631696","https://openalex.org/W2901581844","https://openalex.org/W2902566518","https://openalex.org/W2941984484","https://openalex.org/W2942318203","https://openalex.org/W2958868983","https://openalex.org/W2969446264","https://openalex.org/W2972672624","https://openalex.org/W2978155273","https://openalex.org/W2980386556","https://openalex.org/W2998899386","https://openalex.org/W3000211808","https://openalex.org/W3001940056","https://openalex.org/W3042097053","https://openalex.org/W3108299468","https://openalex.org/W3108412126","https://openalex.org/W3109807185","https://openalex.org/W3117426587","https://openalex.org/W3150414374","https://openalex.org/W3162480909","https://openalex.org/W3176902221","https://openalex.org/W3185430283","https://openalex.org/W3185705199","https://openalex.org/W3195541941","https://openalex.org/W3203090224","https://openalex.org/W4211093722","https://openalex.org/W4221143994","https://openalex.org/W4246041266","https://openalex.org/W4286611158","https://openalex.org/W4307475521","https://openalex.org/W4320912752","https://openalex.org/W4366547634","https://openalex.org/W4366593771","https://openalex.org/W4389347605"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Freeform":[0],"thin-shell":[1],"surfaces":[2],"are":[3,17],"critical":[4],"in":[5,69,82,190],"various":[6,179],"fields,":[7],"but":[8],"their":[9],"fabrication":[10,152],"is":[11,37,60],"complex":[12,192],"and":[13,19,30,54,93,153,156,181,186],"costly.":[14],"Traditional":[15],"methods":[16],"wasteful":[18],"require":[20],"custom":[21],"molds,":[22],"while":[23],"3D":[24,43,122,149],"printing":[25,36,89,113,166],"needs":[26],"extensive":[27],"support":[28],"structures":[29,167],"post-processing.":[31],"Thermal":[32],"shrinkage":[33,118],"actuated":[34],"4D":[35,112],"an":[38],"effective":[39],"method":[40,73,125],"for":[41],"fabricating":[42,191],"shell.":[44],"However,":[45],"existing":[46],"research":[47],"faces":[48],"issues":[49,59],"related":[50],"to":[51,63,74,119,145],"precise":[52,121],"deformation":[53,76,83,101],"limited":[55],"robustness.":[56],"Addressing":[57],"these":[58,105],"challenging":[61],"due":[62],"three":[64],"key":[65],"factors:":[66],"(1)":[67],"Difficulty":[68],"finding":[70],"a":[71,110,134],"universal":[72],"control":[75],"across":[77],"different":[78],"materials;":[79],"(2)":[80],"Variability":[81],"influenced":[84],"by":[85,130],"factors":[86,98],"such":[87],"as":[88],"speed,":[90],"layer":[91],"thickness,":[92],"heating":[94],"temperature;":[95],"(3)":[96],"Environmental":[97],"affecting":[99],"the":[100,139,143,147,170],"process.":[102],"To":[103],"overcome":[104],"challenges,":[106],"we":[107],"introduce":[108],"FreeShell,":[109],"robust":[111],"technique":[114],"that":[115,168],"uses":[116],"thermal":[117],"create":[120],"shells.":[123],"This":[124],"prints":[126],"triangular":[127],"tiles":[128,144],"connected":[129],"shrinkable":[131],"connectors":[132,140],"using":[133],"single":[135],"material.":[136],"Upon":[137],"heating,":[138],"shrink,":[141],"moving":[142],"form":[146],"desired":[148],"shape,":[150],"simplifying":[151],"reducing":[154],"material":[155],"environment":[157],"dependency.":[158],"An":[159],"optimized":[160],"mesh":[161],"layout":[162],"algorithm":[163],"computes":[164],"suitable":[165],"satisfy":[169],"defined":[171],"structural":[172],"objectives.":[173],"FreeShell":[174],"demonstrates":[175],"its":[176],"effectiveness":[177],"through":[178],"examples":[180],"experiments,":[182],"showcasing":[183],"precision,":[184],"robustness,":[185],"strength,":[187],"representing":[188],"advancement":[189],"freeform":[193],"surfaces.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-01-25T00:00:00"}