{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416767202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3778163","title":"Integrating Forgetting Behavior and Linguistic Features in Language Learning Models","display_name":"Integrating Forgetting Behavior and Linguistic Features in Language Learning Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416767202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3778163"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3778163","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3778163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41523882","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","issn_l":"1556-4681","issn":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059443278","display_name":"Boxuan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1566-880X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boxuan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","Kyushu University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1566-880X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028935279","display_name":"Sora Fukui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7377-9519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203189479","display_name":"The Open University of Japan","ror":"https://ror.org/03jyr9x65","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203189479"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sora Fukui","raw_affiliation_strings":["OpenDNA Inc., Chofu, Japan","OpenDNA. Inc., Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7377-9519","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OpenDNA Inc., Chofu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203189479"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OpenDNA. Inc., Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203189479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062357140","display_name":"Yuji Ando","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7246-3907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203189479","display_name":"The Open University of Japan","ror":"https://ror.org/03jyr9x65","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203189479"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuji Ando","raw_affiliation_strings":["OpenDNA Inc., Chofu, Japan","OpenDNA. Inc., Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7246-3907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OpenDNA Inc., Chofu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203189479"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OpenDNA. Inc., Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203189479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071736649","display_name":"Shin\u2019ichi Konomi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5831-2152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135598925","display_name":"Kyushu University","ror":"https://ror.org/00p4k0j84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shin\u2019ichi Konomi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","Kyushu University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5831-2152","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kyushu University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135598925"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17541028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.18940000236034393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.18940000236034393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.14069999754428864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.10429999977350235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forgetting","display_name":"Forgetting","score":0.9199000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memorization","display_name":"Memorization","score":0.8184999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5508999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4700999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-acquisition","display_name":"Language acquisition","score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.33889999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7149132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377840","display_name":"Forgetting","level":2,"score":0.9199000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30038468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4354775","display_name":"Memorization","level":2,"score":0.8184999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5701000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5508999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4700999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39608478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5015979","display_name":"Cache language model","level":5,"score":0.3287999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95012187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6917862","display_name":"Motivated forgetting","level":3,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165297611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43249","display_name":"Morpheme","level":2,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94922259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33215","display_name":"Constructed language","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3778163","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3778163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S41523882","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","issn_l":"1556-4681","issn":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1562092080","https://openalex.org/W2030007850","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2089365333","https://openalex.org/W2162929365","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2514897959","https://openalex.org/W2559094423","https://openalex.org/W2788574423","https://openalex.org/W2805432432","https://openalex.org/W2913933519","https://openalex.org/W2953577593","https://openalex.org/W2955931418","https://openalex.org/W2980472839","https://openalex.org/W3021176691","https://openalex.org/W3039305791","https://openalex.org/W3043869244","https://openalex.org/W3082341085","https://openalex.org/W3095919386","https://openalex.org/W3117062170","https://openalex.org/W3171435422","https://openalex.org/W3210172835","https://openalex.org/W4210962984","https://openalex.org/W4290927800","https://openalex.org/W4313134110","https://openalex.org/W4400207968","https://openalex.org/W4407841475"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Language":[0],"learning":[1,97,134,277],"applications":[2],"usually":[3],"estimate":[4],"the":[5,20,124,148,185,196,205,251,262],"learner\u2019s":[6,156,241],"language":[7,26,42,75,118,133,268],"knowledge":[8,27,108,263],"over":[9],"time":[10],"to":[11,61,79,169,202,234],"provide":[12],"personalized":[13],"practice":[14,157,242],"content":[15],"for":[16,146,261,275],"each":[17],"learner":[18],"at":[19],"optimal":[21],"timing.":[22],"However,":[23],"accurately":[24],"predicting":[25,106,147],"or":[28,37],"linguistic":[29,91,115],"skills":[30],"is":[31],"much":[32],"more":[33,272],"challenging":[34],"than":[35],"math":[36],"science":[38],"knowledge,":[39,76],"as":[40,231],"many":[41],"tasks":[43],"involve":[44],"memorization":[45],"and":[46,56,89,98,105,114,129,173,179,215,227,244,278],"retrieval.":[47],"Learners":[48],"must":[49],"memorize":[50],"a":[51,67,144,152,155,240,256],"large":[52],"number":[53],"of":[54,126,150,165,212],"words":[55,183,238],"meanings,":[57],"which":[58,270],"are":[59],"prone":[60],"be":[62],"forgotten":[63],"without":[64],"practice.":[65],"Although":[66],"few":[68],"studies":[69],"consider":[70,83],"forgetting":[71,112,127,170,213],"when":[72],"modeling":[73,104],"learners\u2019":[74,107],"they":[77],"tend":[78],"apply":[80],"traditional":[81],"models,":[82],"only":[84],"partial":[85],"information":[86,167,214],"about":[87],"forgetting,":[88],"ignore":[90],"features":[92,116],"that":[93,195,208,224],"may":[94],"significantly":[95],"influence":[96],"forgetting.":[99],"This":[100],"article":[101],"focuses":[102],"on":[103,140,190,247],"by":[109],"considering":[110],"their":[111,245],"behavior":[113,128],"in":[117,131,239,266],"learning.":[119],"Specifically,":[120],"we":[121,142,222],"first":[122],"explore":[123],"existence":[125],"cross-effects":[130],"real-world":[132,192],"datasets":[135,193],"through":[136],"empirical":[137],"studies.":[138],"Based":[139],"these,":[141],"propose":[143],"model":[145,160,198,235],"probability":[149],"recalling":[151],"word":[153,174,232],"given":[154],"history.":[158],"The":[159],"incorporates":[161],"(1)":[162],"three":[163],"types":[164,211],"key":[166],"related":[168],"(time-gap,":[171],"interaction,":[172],"features),":[175],"(2)":[176],"question":[177],"formats,":[178],"(3)":[180],"similarities":[181,236],"between":[182,237],"using":[184],"attention":[186],"mechanism.":[187],"Extensive":[188],"experiments":[189],"two":[191],"show":[194],"proposed":[197],"improves":[199,218,250],"performance":[200],"compared":[201],"baselines.":[203],"Moreover,":[204],"results":[206,274],"indicate":[207],"combining":[209],"multiple":[210],"item":[216],"format":[217],"performance.":[219],"In":[220],"addition,":[221],"find":[223],"incorporating":[225],"semantic":[226],"morphological":[228],"features,":[229],"such":[230],"embeddings,":[233],"history":[243],"effects":[246],"memory":[248],"also":[249],"model.":[252],"Our":[253],"work":[254],"indicates":[255],"potential":[257],"future":[258],"research":[259],"direction":[260],"tracing":[264],"task":[265],"second":[267],"acquisition,":[269],"gives":[271],"instructive":[273],"enhancing":[276],"teaching.":[279]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-11-28T00:00:00"}
