{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135085639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794523","title":"Did You Notice Me? Effects of Distance and F-Formation on Mobile Robot Perception in Group Conversation","display_name":"Did You Notice Me? Effects of Distance and F-Formation on Mobile Robot Perception in Group Conversation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135085639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794523"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3776734.3794523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794523","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Proceedings of the 21st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125074028","display_name":"G S Yoo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gayoung Yoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8738-8330","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128830315","display_name":"Daehui Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daehui Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5365-5647","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065948769","display_name":"G. Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gyuhee Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2314-5349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079664809","display_name":"Suhwan Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8252-9375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suhwan Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8252-9375","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128895572","display_name":"Okkeun Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1743320","display_name":"Palo Alto University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f812k67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1743320"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Okkeun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2152-5960","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Palo Alto, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1743320","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121784334","display_name":"Hyunmin Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9323808","display_name":"Daegu University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqccq48","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunmin Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2558-7744","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9323808"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102410051","display_name":"Yong Gu Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193775966","display_name":"Yonsei University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wjejq96","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Gu Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0697-2164","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193775966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081178495","display_name":"Hyochang Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyochang Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Incheon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4279-6620","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Incheon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33012766,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"892","last_page":"896"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.8528000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.8528000116348267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.03519999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.010200000368058681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notice","display_name":"Notice","score":0.6348999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.6079000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5842999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","score":0.45489999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013robot-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","score":0.3522999882698059}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779913896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7063001","display_name":"Notice","level":2,"score":0.6348999738693237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.6079000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5842999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5356000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781311116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83306","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","level":2,"score":0.45489999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.42010000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3901999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.3882000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145460709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q859951","display_name":"Human\u2013robot interaction","level":3,"score":0.3522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777421447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Mobile phone","level":2,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780829048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1624720","display_name":"Conversation analysis","level":3,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162947575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005645","display_name":"Social robot","level":5,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3776734.3794523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794523","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Proceedings of the 21st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5099989175796509,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032568497","https://openalex.org/W2037753098","https://openalex.org/W2103530214","https://openalex.org/W2119721919","https://openalex.org/W2130261265","https://openalex.org/W2141699982","https://openalex.org/W2164304727","https://openalex.org/W2239401537","https://openalex.org/W2550645759","https://openalex.org/W2594677124","https://openalex.org/W2774323072","https://openalex.org/W2999640576","https://openalex.org/W3177503610","https://openalex.org/W4248056173","https://openalex.org/W4415957649"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"robots":[1],"increasingly":[2],"navigate":[3],"spaces":[4],"where":[5,11],"people":[6],"are":[7],"engaged":[8],"in":[9,100,133],"conversation,":[10],"attention":[12,93],"is":[13,21,49,55],"directed":[14],"toward":[15],"conversational":[16,41,134],"partners":[17],"and":[18,40,51,59,94,114,127,152],"peripheral":[19],"awareness":[20],"limited.":[22],"This":[23],"study":[24],"examines":[25],"how":[26,52],"a":[27,33],"robot\u2019s":[28],"near-stop":[29,89],"distances":[30],"used":[31],"as":[32],"crossing":[34],"cue":[35],"(45,":[36],"80,":[37],"120":[38,83,115],"cm)":[39],"arrangements":[42],"(Vis-\u00e0-vis,":[43],"L-shape)":[44],"influence":[45],"when":[46],"the":[47,68,80,86],"robot":[48,81,131,143],"noticed":[50],"its":[53],"approach":[54],"interpreted.":[56],"Using":[57],"eye-tracking":[58],"foot-tracking,":[60],"we":[61],"found":[62],"that":[63,121],"these":[64,118],"effects":[65],"depend":[66],"on":[67,79,141],"F-formation":[69],"adopted":[70],"during":[71],"conversation.":[72],"In":[73,98],"Vis-\u00e0-vis,":[74],"participants":[75],"showed":[76],"minimal":[77],"fixations":[78],"at":[82,111],"cm,":[84],"whereas":[85],"45":[87,113],"cm":[88],"consistently":[90],"elicited":[91],"visual":[92,104],"increased":[95],"perceived":[96,109],"safety.":[97],"contrast,":[99],"L-shape":[101],"formations,":[102],"sustained":[103],"exposure":[105],"led":[106],"to":[107,130],"higher":[108],"disruption":[110],"both":[112],"cm.":[116],"Overall,":[117],"findings":[119,137],"indicate":[120],"F-formation\u2013driven":[122],"attentional":[123],"allocation":[124],"shapes":[125],"perceptual":[126],"behavioral":[128],"responses":[129],"approaches":[132],"settings.":[135],"These":[136],"motivate":[138],"future":[139],"work":[140],"adaptive":[142],"cues":[144],"for":[145],"dynamic":[146],"social":[147],"situations":[148],"involving":[149],"multi-party":[150],"interactions":[151],"diverse":[153],"users.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}
