{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135074110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794515","title":"The Imitation of Intimacy: Comparing Satisfaction in Intimate Human and AI Companion Relationships","display_name":"The Imitation of Intimacy: Comparing Satisfaction in Intimate Human and AI Companion Relationships","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135074110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794515"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3776734.3794515","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794515","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Proceedings of the 21st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/201837","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040814177","display_name":"Annette M. Masterson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-5085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Annette Masterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-5085","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128890097","display_name":"Xin Ye","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7774-3609","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128826731","display_name":"Yiyang Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiyang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3810-4204","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128853740","display_name":"Lionel Peter Robert Jr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lionel Peter Robert Jr","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1410-2601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.9514,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9837979,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"849","last_page":"854"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.2768000066280365,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.2768000066280365,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.2134999930858612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.0649000033736229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imitation","display_name":"Imitation","score":0.5252000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.25279998779296875}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6575999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126388530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131737","display_name":"Imitation","level":2,"score":0.5252000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4733000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3776734.3794515","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794515","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Proceedings of the 21st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.7302/28784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/201837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:doi:10.7302/28784","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/201837","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Other"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.4544134736061096}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1602299615","https://openalex.org/W1986312619","https://openalex.org/W1992589712","https://openalex.org/W2007132120","https://openalex.org/W2021382309","https://openalex.org/W2074822467","https://openalex.org/W2123741245","https://openalex.org/W2806569034","https://openalex.org/W2888047309","https://openalex.org/W2916133329","https://openalex.org/W2950504429","https://openalex.org/W3003738217","https://openalex.org/W3029922759","https://openalex.org/W3125770638","https://openalex.org/W3135364542","https://openalex.org/W3158319343","https://openalex.org/W3205604488","https://openalex.org/W3211564274","https://openalex.org/W4224293837","https://openalex.org/W4283167541","https://openalex.org/W4289597199","https://openalex.org/W4294251817","https://openalex.org/W4300111737","https://openalex.org/W4303513666","https://openalex.org/W4308744881","https://openalex.org/W4309759713","https://openalex.org/W4312356207","https://openalex.org/W4312365587","https://openalex.org/W4313261990","https://openalex.org/W4323352050","https://openalex.org/W4323687853","https://openalex.org/W4386714201","https://openalex.org/W4388182168","https://openalex.org/W4389263544","https://openalex.org/W4389934892","https://openalex.org/W4390722831","https://openalex.org/W4391351849","https://openalex.org/W4392646148","https://openalex.org/W4392652951","https://openalex.org/W4399605289","https://openalex.org/W4399615887","https://openalex.org/W4399779195","https://openalex.org/W4401276850","https://openalex.org/W4401981824","https://openalex.org/W4402463793","https://openalex.org/W4403534849","https://openalex.org/W4404042483","https://openalex.org/W4404340929","https://openalex.org/W4405627034","https://openalex.org/W4405718336","https://openalex.org/W4406431634","https://openalex.org/W4407902963","https://openalex.org/W4407950752","https://openalex.org/W4410297800","https://openalex.org/W4410298096","https://openalex.org/W4410298301","https://openalex.org/W4410616619","https://openalex.org/W4412035775","https://openalex.org/W4412371934","https://openalex.org/W4412796538","https://openalex.org/W4415070629","https://openalex.org/W4416124338","https://openalex.org/W4416767381"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"proliferation":[2],"of":[3,20,41,62,69,78],"Large":[4],"Language":[5],"Models":[6],"(LLMs)":[7],"has":[8],"enabled":[9],"artificial":[10],"agents":[11],"to":[12,24,99],"foster":[13],"deep":[14],"emotional":[15],"bonds,":[16],"yet":[17],"the":[18,39,60,67,112],"comparability":[19],"these":[21,42],"AI":[22,56,115],"relationships":[23,53,116],"human":[25,63,100],"norms":[26],"remains":[27],"underexplored.":[28],"As":[29],"HRI":[30],"researchers":[31],"increasingly":[32],"integrate":[33],"LLMs":[34],"into":[35,137],"embodied":[36,138],"platforms,":[37],"understanding":[38],"nature":[40],"bonds":[43,93],"is":[44,71],"imperative":[45],"for":[46,127,133],"responsible":[47],"design.":[48],"This":[49],"study":[50],"investigates":[51],"whether":[52],"with":[54,102],"LLM-driven":[55],"companions":[57,136],"can":[58,94],"rival":[59],"satisfaction":[61,96],"connections":[64],"and":[65,85,120],"if":[66],"mechanism":[68],"intimacy":[70,103,122],"equally":[72],"critical.":[73],"Through":[74],"a":[75,106,124,131],"comparative":[76],"survey":[77],"150":[79],"participants":[80],"stratified":[81],"across":[82],"in-person,":[83],"long-distance,":[84],"LLM":[86,135],"companion":[87],"relationships,":[88],"we":[89],"illuminate":[90],"that":[91,114],"digital":[92],"yield":[95],"levels":[97],"comparable":[98],"partnerships,":[101],"serving":[104],"as":[105,123],"predictive":[107],"factor.":[108],"These":[109],"findings":[110],"challenge":[111],"assumption":[113],"are":[117],"inherently":[118],"unsatisfactory":[119],"identify":[121],"design":[125],"metric":[126],"social":[128],"robots,":[129],"providing":[130],"protocol":[132],"integrating":[134],"relational":[139],"agents.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}