{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135091857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794469","title":"Examining the Effectiveness of Obfuscatory Planning Strategies through Human Observation","display_name":"Examining the Effectiveness of Obfuscatory Planning Strategies through Human Observation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135091857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794469"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3776734.3794469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794469","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Proceedings of the 21st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072384195","display_name":"Dakota Sullivan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4901-6375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dakota Sullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4901-6375","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021735130","display_name":"David Porfirio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5383-3266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Porfirio","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, Fairfax, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5383-3266","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, Fairfax, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116000577","display_name":"Bilge Mutlu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bilge Mutlu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9456-1495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020141134","display_name":"Laura M. Hiatt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-2846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura M. Hiatt","raw_affiliation_strings":["US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5254-2846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.27398721,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"619","last_page":"623"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.11879999935626984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.11879999935626984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.06419999897480011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.051899999380111694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"Data collection","score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.24899999797344208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.2451000064611435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.24899999797344208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2451000064611435}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3776734.3794469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794469","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Proceedings of the 21st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G875600971","display_name":"SaTC: CORE: Medium: Designing Privacy-Aware Social Companion Robots","funder_award_id":"2247381","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976869056","https://openalex.org/W2103093506","https://openalex.org/W2119709400","https://openalex.org/W2296267298","https://openalex.org/W2741100954","https://openalex.org/W2767588322","https://openalex.org/W2930926105","https://openalex.org/W2962727930","https://openalex.org/W2972135887","https://openalex.org/W2990533002","https://openalex.org/W2997710546","https://openalex.org/W3000332477","https://openalex.org/W3080775493","https://openalex.org/W3113606143","https://openalex.org/W3126785156","https://openalex.org/W4226227827","https://openalex.org/W4389665578","https://openalex.org/W4391832896","https://openalex.org/W4410297054"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robots":[0],"are":[1,74,124],"increasingly":[2],"relied":[3],"upon":[4],"for":[5,38],"task":[6,40,85,121,137],"completion":[7],"in":[8],"privacy-critical":[9],"human":[10,95],"environments.":[11],"In":[12],"these":[13,61],"environments,":[14],"it":[15],"is":[16],"imperative":[17],"that":[18,65,104],"a":[19,30,109],"robot's":[20,110],"potentially":[21],"sensitive":[22],"goals":[23,57,111],"remain":[24],"obfuscated.":[25],"To":[26],"address":[27],"this":[28,79],"need,":[29],"substantial":[31],"amount":[32],"of":[33,116,134],"literature":[34,91],"has":[35],"proposed":[36],"methods":[37],"obfuscatory":[39,84,118,136],"planning.":[41],"These":[42,126],"works":[43,62],"make":[44,63],"many":[45,135],"attempts":[46],"to":[47,92,107],"experimentally":[48],"or":[49,119],"analytically":[50],"determine":[51],"whether":[52,117],"agents":[53],"can":[54],"conceal":[55,69],"their":[56],"from":[58],"observers.":[59],"While":[60],"guarantees":[64],"resulting":[66],"plans":[67],"will":[68],"an":[70],"agent's":[71],"goals,":[72],"they":[73],"often":[75],"only":[76],"theoretical.":[77],"Within":[78],"work,":[80],"we":[81],"develop":[82],"three":[83],"planning":[86,122,138],"strategies":[87,123],"inspired":[88],"by":[89],"prior":[90],"evaluate":[93],"with":[94],"observers":[96,105],"(N":[97],"=":[98],"160).":[99],"Our":[100],"preliminary":[101],"results":[102],"show":[103],"struggle":[106],"identify":[108],"at":[112],"similar":[113],"levels":[114],"regardless":[115],"optimal":[120],"employed.":[125],"findings":[127],"call":[128],"into":[129],"question":[130],"the":[131],"purported":[132],"benefits":[133],"strategies.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}
