{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135076550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794435","title":"Explainability Needs in Human-Robot Collaboration: A Qualitative Interaction Study on the When, What, and How of Cobot Explanations","display_name":"Explainability Needs in Human-Robot Collaboration: A Qualitative Interaction Study on the When, What, and How of Cobot Explanations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135076550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794435"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3776734.3794435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794435","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Proceedings of the 21st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128864965","display_name":"Verena Szojak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127322","display_name":"Procomcure Biotech (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/035g5pd63","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127322"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Verena Szojak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pro2Future GmbH, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1236-5856","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pro2Future GmbH, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010734374","display_name":"Ouijdane Guiza","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127322","display_name":"Procomcure Biotech (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/035g5pd63","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127322"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ouijdane Guiza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pro2Future GmbH, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9960-8010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pro2Future GmbH, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084317520","display_name":"Markus J\u00e4ger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-9182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127322","display_name":"Procomcure Biotech (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/035g5pd63","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127322"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus J\u00e4ger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pro2Future GmbH, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-9182","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pro2Future GmbH, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127322"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045845889","display_name":"Markus Brillinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0499-8491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103365165","display_name":"FH JOANNEUM University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/03kkbqm48","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103365165"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Brillinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0499-8491","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103365165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073111699","display_name":"Martin Schobesberger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121883995","display_name":"Johannes Kepler University of Linz","ror":"https://ror.org/052r2xn60","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Schobesberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0473-9000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018111541","display_name":"Martina Mara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3447-0556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121883995","display_name":"Johannes Kepler University of Linz","ror":"https://ror.org/052r2xn60","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martina Mara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3447-0556","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103251751","display_name":"Kathrin Meyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7438-484X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121883995","display_name":"Johannes Kepler University of Linz","ror":"https://ror.org/052r2xn60","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathrin Meyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7438-484X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069154622","display_name":"Sandra Maria Siedl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-9288"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121883995","display_name":"Johannes Kepler University of Linz","ror":"https://ror.org/052r2xn60","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Maria Siedl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-9288","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33151293,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"451","last_page":"455"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.4530999958515167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.4530999958515167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.06589999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.06469999998807907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.2574999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.477400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.24619999527931213}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3776734.3794435","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776734.3794435","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Companion Proceedings of the 21st ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1824178152","https://openalex.org/W1832500336","https://openalex.org/W1952008784","https://openalex.org/W2061034107","https://openalex.org/W2092795326","https://openalex.org/W2118184523","https://openalex.org/W2134418439","https://openalex.org/W2137693710","https://openalex.org/W2158435382","https://openalex.org/W2944850799","https://openalex.org/W2953416276","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2981631804","https://openalex.org/W2997376649","https://openalex.org/W3090869730","https://openalex.org/W3095075684","https://openalex.org/W3116271762","https://openalex.org/W3126230403","https://openalex.org/W3203211826","https://openalex.org/W3208962810","https://openalex.org/W4205764865","https://openalex.org/W4282972446","https://openalex.org/W4298128269","https://openalex.org/W4308292292","https://openalex.org/W4381149319","https://openalex.org/W4392634017","https://openalex.org/W4392634027","https://openalex.org/W4393010663","https://openalex.org/W4394685511","https://openalex.org/W4396778062","https://openalex.org/W4400645474"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Collaborative":[0],"robots":[1],"(cobots)":[2],"are":[3],"increasingly":[4],"used":[5],"in":[6,76],"manufacturing,":[7],"yet":[8],"their":[9],"behavior":[10],"can":[11],"appear":[12],"unpredictable":[13],"to":[14],"human":[15,49,73],"coworkers,":[16],"making":[17],"teamwork":[18],"less":[19],"smooth.":[20],"Explainability":[21],"has":[22],"been":[23],"proposed":[24],"as":[25,124],"a":[26,37,77,83],"key":[27],"requirement":[28],"for":[29,117,134,146],"fluent":[30],"human-robot":[31],"collaboration.":[32,64],"However,":[33],"we":[34],"still":[35],"lack":[36],"clarity":[38],"of":[39,72],"(i)":[40],"when":[41],"cobots":[42,60,137],"should":[43,56],"provide":[44,139],"explanations,":[45],"(ii)":[46],"what":[47],"information":[48,107,142],"coworkers":[50],"seek,":[51],"and":[52,99,114,128,143],"(iii)":[53],"how":[54],"explanations":[55,127],"be":[57],"delivered":[58],"by":[59],"during":[61],"real":[62],"physical":[63],"This":[65],"paper":[66],"reports":[67],"an":[68],"exploratory":[69],"qualitative":[70],"study":[71],"explanation":[74],"needs":[75],"real-life":[78],"bicycle":[79],"assembly":[80],"task":[81],"with":[82,90],"6-axis":[84],"cobot":[85,92],"arm.":[86],"Fourteen":[87],"participants":[88],"interacted":[89],"the":[91,110],"that":[93,103,138],"occasionally":[94],"behaved":[95],"unexpectedly.":[96],"Think-aloud":[97],"protocols":[98],"semi-structured":[100],"interviews,":[101],"show":[102],"users":[104],"seek":[105],"continuous":[106],"primarily":[108],"about":[109],"cobot's":[111],"current":[112],"status":[113],"situation-dependent":[115],"guidance":[116],"interaction.":[118],"Participants":[119],"favored":[120],"simple":[121],"presentations":[122],"such":[123],"easy-to-read":[125],"text":[126],"light":[129],"signals.":[130],"We":[131],"discuss":[132],"implications":[133],"designing":[135],"explainable":[136],"lightweight,":[140],"context-sensitive":[141],"outline":[144],"directions":[145],"future":[147],"quantitative":[148],"evaluations.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}
