{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7119515665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776657","title":"Typing Strictness","display_name":"Typing Strictness","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7119515665","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776657"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3776657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776657","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037778570","display_name":"Daniel Sainati","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I922845939","display_name":"Philadelphia University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zzmyz63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I922845939"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Sainati","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4738-8524","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946","https://openalex.org/I922845939"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071383842","display_name":"Joseph W. Cutler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9399-9308"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I922845939","display_name":"Philadelphia University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zzmyz63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I922845939"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph W. Cutler","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9399-9308","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946","https://openalex.org/I922845939"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038094623","display_name":"BENJAMIN C. PIERCE","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I922845939","display_name":"Philadelphia University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zzmyz63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I922845939"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin C. Pierce","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7839-1636","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946","https://openalex.org/I922845939"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Stephanie Weirich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6756-9168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I922845939","display_name":"Philadelphia University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zzmyz63","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I922845939"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie Weirich","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6756-9168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946","https://openalex.org/I922845939"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0462721,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"POPL","first_page":"413","last_page":"443"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.6671000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.6671000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.17110000550746918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.05770000070333481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.5554999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arity","display_name":"Arity","score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.37549999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependent-type","display_name":"Dependent type","score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-framework","display_name":"Logical framework","score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-conjunction","display_name":"Logical conjunction","score":0.3343000113964081}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7483999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.5554999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.47780001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110546421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315869","display_name":"Arity","level":2,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.37549999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20528804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q997433","display_name":"Dependent type","level":3,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20693621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6667502","display_name":"Logical framework","level":2,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21847791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191081","display_name":"Logical conjunction","level":2,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149364088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185917","display_name":"Translation (biology)","level":4,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777299769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3707858","display_name":"Type (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198370458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586459","display_name":"Type inference","level":3,"score":0.3154999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59656382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191536","display_name":"Conjunction (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134752490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374182","display_name":"Logical consequence","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138958017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190087","display_name":"Data type","level":2,"score":0.2612999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93682546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056428","display_name":"Type theory","level":3,"score":0.2549999952316284}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3776657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3776657","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8281763306","display_name":"SHF: Medium: Usable Property-Based Testing","funder_award_id":"2402449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15833160","https://openalex.org/W49202426","https://openalex.org/W111511002","https://openalex.org/W1489222202","https://openalex.org/W1531439671","https://openalex.org/W1593749420","https://openalex.org/W1830196027","https://openalex.org/W1941520090","https://openalex.org/W1968277829","https://openalex.org/W1971752790","https://openalex.org/W1998702072","https://openalex.org/W2004843654","https://openalex.org/W2011648260","https://openalex.org/W2017720469","https://openalex.org/W2022518532","https://openalex.org/W2028012052","https://openalex.org/W2038401271","https://openalex.org/W2043100293","https://openalex.org/W2046137117","https://openalex.org/W2046280690","https://openalex.org/W2050907089","https://openalex.org/W2052440299","https://openalex.org/W2097321941","https://openalex.org/W2118068787","https://openalex.org/W2118482372","https://openalex.org/W2123733847","https://openalex.org/W2129278597","https://openalex.org/W2323803659","https://openalex.org/W2515656721","https://openalex.org/W2516704136","https://openalex.org/W2613920541","https://openalex.org/W2766220735","https://openalex.org/W2886571871","https://openalex.org/W2887035176","https://openalex.org/W2908128011","https://openalex.org/W2911865844","https://openalex.org/W2921453367","https://openalex.org/W2927060693","https://openalex.org/W2960503875","https://openalex.org/W2964755768","https://openalex.org/W2974426374","https://openalex.org/W2984542881","https://openalex.org/W2991260502","https://openalex.org/W2997271062","https://openalex.org/W3009518942","https://openalex.org/W3047163819","https://openalex.org/W3117925125","https://openalex.org/W3125045354","https://openalex.org/W3160062581","https://openalex.org/W3184092516","https://openalex.org/W3206509784","https://openalex.org/W4206365843","https://openalex.org/W4221151443","https://openalex.org/W4234877180","https://openalex.org/W4248041368","https://openalex.org/W4280581646","https://openalex.org/W4386317139","https://openalex.org/W4387667218","https://openalex.org/W4399992113","https://openalex.org/W4403223291","https://openalex.org/W4411267087","https://openalex.org/W4414977301","https://openalex.org/W4415949751","https://openalex.org/W6966510432","https://openalex.org/W7084851063"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Strictness":[0],"analysis":[1],"is":[2],"critical":[3],"to":[4,109],"efficient":[5],"implementation":[6],"of":[7,14,18,38,95],"languages":[8],"with":[9],"non-strict":[10],"evaluation,":[11],"mitigating":[12],"much":[13],"the":[15,25,42,67,83,93,106,110],"performance":[16],"overhead":[17],"laziness.":[19],"However,":[20],"reasoning":[21],"about":[22],"strictness":[23,39,84],"at":[24,97],"source":[26],"level":[27],"can":[28],"be":[29],"challenging":[30],"and":[31,61,74,99],"unintuitive.":[32],"We":[33,51,76],"propose":[34],"a":[35,79,102],"new":[36],"definition":[37,57],"that":[40,82],"refines":[41],"traditional":[43],"one":[44],"by":[45,87],"describing":[46],"variable":[47],"usage":[48],"more":[49],"precisely.":[50],"lay":[52],"type-theoretic":[53],"foundations":[54],"for":[55],"this":[56],"in":[58,118],"both":[59],"call-by-name":[60,107],"call-by-push-value":[62,111],"settings,":[63],"drawing":[64],"inspiration":[65],"from":[66,105],"literature":[68],"on":[69],"type":[70,89],"systems":[71,90],"tracking":[72],"effects":[73],"coeffects.":[75],"prove":[77],"via":[78],"logical":[80],"relation":[81],"attributes":[85],"computed":[86],"our":[88,114],"accurately":[91],"describe":[92],"use":[94],"variables":[96],"runtime,":[98],"we":[100],"offer":[101],"strictness-annotation-preserving":[103],"translation":[104],"system":[108],"one.":[112],"All":[113],"results":[115],"are":[116],"mechanized":[117],"Rocq.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-01-09T00:00:00"}
