{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416133418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776528","title":"A Survey of AI Reliance","display_name":"A Survey of AI Reliance","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416133418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776528"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3776528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776528","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001188927","display_name":"Sven Eckhardt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4713-8408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sven Eckhardt","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Zurich","University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4713-8408","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071819311","display_name":"Niklas K\u00fchl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6750-0876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54009628","display_name":"University of Bayreuth","ror":"https://ror.org/0234wmv40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niklas K\u00fchl","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bayreuth","University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6750-0876","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bayreuth","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54009628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028332151","display_name":"Mateusz Dolata","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2732-4465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161104310","display_name":"Zeppelin Universit\u00e4t gemeinn\u00fctzige GmbH","ror":"https://ror.org/05tbp1g38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161104310"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH","DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mateusz Dolata","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Zurich","Zeppelin University","Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen Germany","University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2732-4465","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zeppelin University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161104310"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161104310"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059353526","display_name":"Gerhard Schwabe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0453-9762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","display_name":"University of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/02crff812","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gerhard Schwabe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Zurich","University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0453-9762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zurich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Zurich, Zurich Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.4433,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98332817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"6","first_page":"1","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.1850000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.1850000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.1573999971151352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.09910000115633011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociotechnical-system","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","score":0.9271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lagging","display_name":"Lagging","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.5748999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5461000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survey-research","display_name":"Survey research","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.32330000400543213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127627568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639361","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","level":2,"score":0.9271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776962539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6472078","display_name":"Lagging","level":2,"score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7264000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.5748999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5461000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5403000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.40959998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173481278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257997","display_name":"Survey research","level":2,"score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150672426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191183","display_name":"Brainstorming","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58328972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184609","display_name":"Expert system","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3776528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3776528","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3776528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":94,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590398854","https://openalex.org/W1990969594","https://openalex.org/W2005501262","https://openalex.org/W2010158189","https://openalex.org/W2020785866","https://openalex.org/W2032426551","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2119748171","https://openalex.org/W2156897926","https://openalex.org/W2158880898","https://openalex.org/W2581057531","https://openalex.org/W2800068874","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2961720344","https://openalex.org/W2974075815","https://openalex.org/W2979864122","https://openalex.org/W3007702218","https://openalex.org/W3035622304","https://openalex.org/W3082965341","https://openalex.org/W3093066786","https://openalex.org/W3110817755","https://openalex.org/W3113745681","https://openalex.org/W3121705224","https://openalex.org/W3123404044","https://openalex.org/W3152500611","https://openalex.org/W3152997756","https://openalex.org/W3156106752","https://openalex.org/W3158839228","https://openalex.org/W3159250634","https://openalex.org/W3163443091","https://openalex.org/W3163667721","https://openalex.org/W3164032315","https://openalex.org/W3174333417","https://openalex.org/W3181802582","https://openalex.org/W3195452547","https://openalex.org/W3198062477","https://openalex.org/W3198189810","https://openalex.org/W3203106571","https://openalex.org/W3206874785","https://openalex.org/W3210146206","https://openalex.org/W4206941179","https://openalex.org/W4210736086","https://openalex.org/W4213371886","https://openalex.org/W4220844101","https://openalex.org/W4220961556","https://openalex.org/W4221056569","https://openalex.org/W4224308588","https://openalex.org/W4224990314","https://openalex.org/W4225105010","https://openalex.org/W4225159586","https://openalex.org/W4231161538","https://openalex.org/W4280639483","https://openalex.org/W4281251849","https://openalex.org/W4282835773","https://openalex.org/W4283172359","https://openalex.org/W4283771667","https://openalex.org/W4294559022","https://openalex.org/W4295211062","https://openalex.org/W4296628396","https://openalex.org/W4306149475","https://openalex.org/W4306809523","https://openalex.org/W4308751002","https://openalex.org/W4309618893","https://openalex.org/W4312081795","https://openalex.org/W4312085331","https://openalex.org/W4317464833","https://openalex.org/W4323065242","https://openalex.org/W4327591912","https://openalex.org/W4360991197","https://openalex.org/W4360991255","https://openalex.org/W4360991389","https://openalex.org/W4361273248","https://openalex.org/W4366003124","https://openalex.org/W4366547500","https://openalex.org/W4366548074","https://openalex.org/W4379742368","https://openalex.org/W4380319445","https://openalex.org/W4380365974","https://openalex.org/W4380367493","https://openalex.org/W4384524844","https://openalex.org/W4385767755","https://openalex.org/W4385895991","https://openalex.org/W4386246862","https://openalex.org/W4387328606","https://openalex.org/W4387331470","https://openalex.org/W4387344795","https://openalex.org/W4387344906","https://openalex.org/W4389519245","https://openalex.org/W4389523713","https://openalex.org/W4391904381","https://openalex.org/W4396833121","https://openalex.org/W4399573336","https://openalex.org/W4399790131","https://openalex.org/W6948137696"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"artificial":[1],"intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"systems":[4,16],"are":[5],"becoming":[6],"increasingly":[7],"indispensable,":[8],"research":[9,90,95],"into":[10],"how":[11],"humans":[12],"rely":[13],"on":[14,36,73],"these":[15,47],"(":[17],"AI":[18,37,63,74],"reliance":[19,64,75],")":[20],"is":[21],"lagging":[22],"behind.":[23],"To":[24,45],"advance":[25],"this":[26,28],"research,":[27],"survey":[29,50,68],"presents":[30],"a":[31,52,57,80,94],"novel,":[32],"comprehensive":[33],"sociotechnical":[34,81],"perspective":[35],"reliance,":[38],"essential":[39],"to":[40,92],"fully":[41],"understand":[42],"the":[43,49,67,70,77],"phenomenon.":[44],"address":[46],"challenges,":[48],"introduces":[51],"categorization":[53],"framework":[54],"resulting":[55],"in":[56],"morphological":[58],"box,":[59],"which":[60],"guides":[61],"rigorous":[62],"research.":[65],"Further,":[66],"identifies":[69],"core":[71],"influences":[72],"within":[76],"components":[78],"of":[79],"system":[82],"and":[83],"discusses":[84],"current":[85],"limitations":[86],"alongside":[87],"emerging":[88],"future":[89],"avenues":[91],"form":[93],"agenda.":[96]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-11-11T00:00:00"}
