{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160619166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774906.3802785","title":"Short Paper: EarSleeve: Transforming Everyday Earphones into a 12-Lead ECG Sensing Platform","display_name":"Short Paper: EarSleeve: Transforming Everyday Earphones into a 12-Lead ECG Sensing Platform","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160619166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774906.3802785"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774906.3802785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774906.3802785","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Embedded Artificial Intelligence and Sensing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774906.3802785","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102703573","display_name":"Junxi Xia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junxi Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7356-1348","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120004999","display_name":"Do\u011fa\u00e7 Eldenk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Do\u011fa\u00e7 Eldenk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0628-9156","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135728256","display_name":"Hongjun Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5140-2517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjun Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5140-2517","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100356146","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3264-7135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103163165","display_name":"Florida State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3dte14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2474-2004","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051730108","display_name":"Stephen Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5713-8885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University, Evanston, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5713-8885","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"615","last_page":"621"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.5922999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.5922999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.3330000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.016699999570846558,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.5741000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrocardiography","display_name":"Electrocardiography","score":0.5188999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-patient-monitoring","display_name":"Remote patient monitoring","score":0.4237000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-conductor","display_name":"Electrical conductor","score":0.4052000045776367}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5741000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780040984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79785","display_name":"Electrocardiography","level":2,"score":0.5188999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4927999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175079658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7312165","display_name":"Remote patient monitoring","level":2,"score":0.4237000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.4052000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523008124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5357996","display_name":"Electrodiagnosis","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2752000093460083}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774906.3802785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774906.3802785","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Embedded Artificial Intelligence and Sensing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774906.3802785","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774906.3802785","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Embedded Artificial Intelligence and Sensing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087349611","https://openalex.org/W2769516386","https://openalex.org/W2979434413","https://openalex.org/W3127637041","https://openalex.org/W3157160093","https://openalex.org/W3199779726","https://openalex.org/W3210931236","https://openalex.org/W4290711239","https://openalex.org/W4317928076","https://openalex.org/W4372271870","https://openalex.org/W4390703700","https://openalex.org/W4392563858","https://openalex.org/W4401357996","https://openalex.org/W4406161123","https://openalex.org/W4414406949","https://openalex.org/W4416960653","https://openalex.org/W7117481386"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Achieving":[0],"multi-lead":[1],"electrocardiography":[2],"(ECG)":[3],"in":[4],"consumer-grade":[5],"wearables":[6],"remains":[7],"challenging,":[8],"as":[9],"most":[10],"devices":[11],"provide":[12],"only":[13],"a":[14,45,55,61,77,98,126],"few":[15],"electrodes":[16,32,69],"and":[17,70,86,109],"cannot":[18],"capture":[19],"spatially":[20],"diverse":[21],"cardiac":[22],"signals.":[23],"Conventional":[24],"12-lead":[25,56],"ECG,":[26],"while":[27],"clinically":[28],"standard,":[29],"requires":[30],"ten":[31],"across":[33,106],"the":[34,118,137],"body,":[35],"confining":[36],"its":[37],"use":[38],"to":[39,75,140],"medical":[40],"environments.":[41],"We":[42],"present":[43],"EarSleeve,":[44],"modular":[46],"dual-electrode":[47],"eartip":[48],"sleeve":[49,65],"that":[50],"transforms":[51],"off-the-shelf":[52,144],"earphones":[53],"into":[54],"ECG":[57,89,104,123],"sensing":[58],"platform":[59],"through":[60],"human-in-the-loop":[62],"design.":[63],"Each":[64],"embeds":[66],"two":[67],"conductive":[68],"electrically":[71],"links":[72],"both":[73],"sides":[74],"form":[76],"four-electrode":[78],"configuration.":[79],"EarSleeve":[80,101,135],"simultaneously":[81],"records":[82],"six":[83],"limb":[84],"leads":[85,108],"reconstructs":[87],"12-lead\u2013equivalent":[88,122],"signals":[90,124],"by":[91],"sequentially":[92],"contacting":[93],"standard":[94],"chest":[95],"locations.":[96],"In":[97],"12-user":[99],"study,":[100],"captures":[102],"clear":[103],"waveforms":[105],"all":[107],"is":[110,136],"evaluated":[111],"against":[112],"an":[113],"FDA-cleared":[114],"reference.":[115],"Results":[116],"demonstrate":[117],"feasibility":[119],"of":[120],"reconstructing":[121],"using":[125],"minimum-electrode":[127],"configuration":[128],"under":[129],"controlled":[130],"conditions.":[131],"To":[132],"our":[133],"knowledge,":[134],"first":[138],"system":[139],"achieve":[141],"this":[142],"with":[143],"earphones.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-05-09T00:00:00"}