{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7152542737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3793061","title":"When to Invoke: Refining LLM Fairness with Toxicity Assessment","display_name":"When to Invoke: Refining LLM Fairness with Toxicity Assessment","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7152542737","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3793061"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774904.3793061","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3793061","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123113428","display_name":"Jing Ren","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0169-1491","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133267227","display_name":"Bowen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6470-5607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bowen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6470-5607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100743349","display_name":"Ziqi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1748-5801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziqi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1748-5801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070730125","display_name":"Renqiang Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8313-9835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renqiang Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8313-9835","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126653961","display_name":"S. S. Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1124-9509","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100348097","display_name":"Xin Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8308-4737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8308-4737","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054958855","display_name":"Haytham M. Fayek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1840-7605"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haytham Fayek","raw_affiliation_strings":["RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1840-7605","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaodong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0346-1526"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0346-1526","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089615958","display_name":"Feng Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8324-1859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8324-1859","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.5499,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98403304,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"9275","last_page":"9285"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.38839998841285706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.38839998841285706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13851","display_name":"Law, AI, and Intellectual Property","score":0.1168999969959259,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10856","display_name":"Intellectual Property and Patents","score":0.03779999911785126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refining","display_name":"Refining (metallurgy)","score":0.6991999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxicity","display_name":"Toxicity","score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.26159998774528503}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60044698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1283324","display_name":"Refining (metallurgy)","level":2,"score":0.6991999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.42989999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.33570000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2451999932527542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24070000648498535}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774904.3793061","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3793061","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.6506065130233765}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2741065173","https://openalex.org/W2920807444","https://openalex.org/W3035591180","https://openalex.org/W3099150152","https://openalex.org/W3100355250","https://openalex.org/W3105882417","https://openalex.org/W3155742828","https://openalex.org/W3174685870","https://openalex.org/W3185909895","https://openalex.org/W3201622928","https://openalex.org/W3207316473","https://openalex.org/W4285131724","https://openalex.org/W4285210452","https://openalex.org/W4290943938","https://openalex.org/W4317536030","https://openalex.org/W4382202906","https://openalex.org/W4385571452","https://openalex.org/W4385574250","https://openalex.org/W4386566632","https://openalex.org/W4389520280","https://openalex.org/W4401306886","https://openalex.org/W4403365228","https://openalex.org/W4404781097","https://openalex.org/W4409671455","https://openalex.org/W4412876947","https://openalex.org/W4412889883","https://openalex.org/W4412945121","https://openalex.org/W4416016551","https://openalex.org/W4416018101","https://openalex.org/W4416036869"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-10T00:00:00"}