{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417466082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3792948","title":"Deepfakes in the 2025 Canadian Election: Prevalence, Partisanship, and Platform Dynamics","display_name":"Deepfakes in the 2025 Canadian Election: Prevalence, Partisanship, and Platform Dynamics","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417466082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3792948"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774904.3792948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3792948","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3792948","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119913434","display_name":"Victor Livernoche","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Victor Livernoche","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Montreal, Canada and Mila, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3819-730X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Montreal, Canada and Mila, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114494290","display_name":"Andreea Musulan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreea Musulan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada and Mila, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2964-6414","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada and Mila, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073091539","display_name":"Zachary Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zachary Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Montreal, Canada and Mila, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6765-2293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Montreal, Canada and Mila, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108545982","display_name":"Jean\u2010Fran\u00e7ois Godbout","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Godbout","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada and Mila, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1886-4890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, Canada and Mila, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043159673","display_name":"Reihaneh Rabbany","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-0353"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reihaneh Rabbany","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Montreal, Canada and Mila, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2348-0353","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Montreal, Canada and Mila, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119913434"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00180291,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"8717","last_page":"8720"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.7882999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.7882999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.03799999877810478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.030400000512599945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.6777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5981000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamics","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","score":0.525600016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy","display_name":"Democracy","score":0.43630000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-dynamics","display_name":"Social dynamics","score":0.4269999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5981000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.525600016117096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.47850000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.43630000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67469775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304922","display_name":"Social dynamics","level":2,"score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171686336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532085","display_name":"Topic model","level":2,"score":0.36399999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3425000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929848","display_name":"Movement (music)","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774904.3792948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3792948","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2512.13915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2512.13915","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.13915","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.13915","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.13915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774904.3792948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3792948","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Concerns":[0],"about":[1,133],"AI-generated":[2],"political":[3],"content":[4,78],"are":[5],"growing,":[6],"yet":[7],"there":[8],"is":[9],"limited":[10],"empirical":[11],"evidence":[12],"on":[13,45,105],"how":[14],"deepfakes":[15,87,108],"appear":[16],"and":[17,38,92,120],"circulate":[18],"across":[19,35],"social":[20],"platforms":[21],"during":[22],"major":[23],"events":[24],"in":[25,111],"democratic":[26],"countries.":[27],"We":[28,53],"analyze":[29],"the":[30,112],"2025":[31],"Canadian":[32],"federal":[33],"election":[34,113],"X,":[36],"Bluesky,":[37],"Reddit":[39],"using":[40],"a":[41],"high-accuracy":[42],"detector":[43],"trained":[44],"diverse":[46],"modern":[47],"generative":[48],"models,":[49],"covering":[50],"187,778":[51],"posts.":[52],"find":[54],"that":[55],"5.9%":[56],"of":[57,69,102],"election-related":[58],"images":[59,70],"were":[60,88,109],"deepfakes.":[61],"Right-leaning":[62],"accounts":[63],"shared":[64],"them":[65],"more":[66,79],"often":[67],"(9.2%":[68],"flagged)":[71],"than":[72],"left-leaning":[73],"users":[74],"(3.9%),":[75],"with":[76],"flagged":[77],"frequently":[80],"defamatory":[81],"or":[82,90],"conspiratorial.":[83],"Yet,":[84],"most":[85],"detected":[86],"benign":[89],"non-political,":[91],"harmful":[93],"ones":[94],"drew":[95,127],"little":[96],"attention,":[97],"accounting":[98],"for":[99],"only":[100],"0.1%":[101],"all":[103],"views":[104],"X.":[106],"Overall,":[107],"present":[110],"conversation,":[114],"but":[115],"their":[116,134],"reach":[117],"was":[118],"modest,":[119],"realistic":[121],"fabricated":[122],"images,":[123],"although":[124],"less":[125],"common,":[126],"higher":[128],"engagement,":[129],"highlighting":[130],"growing":[131],"concerns":[132],"misuses.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T06:13:24.991567","created_date":"2025-12-18T00:00:00"}
