{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7156152203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3792211","title":"Privacy-Friendly Adaptation of Vision Transformers for Communication and Latency-Efficient Private Inference","display_name":"Privacy-Friendly Adaptation of Vision Transformers for Communication and Latency-Efficient Private Inference","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7156152203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3792211"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774904.3792211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3792211","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3792211","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134703702","display_name":"Zhi Pang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5233-0113"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Pang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5233-0113","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104215545","display_name":"Bo Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["The State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and Hangzhou High-Tech Zone (Binjiang) Institute of Blockchain and Data Security, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9764-7457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and Hangzhou High-Tech Zone (Binjiang) Institute of Blockchain and Data Security, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071019154","display_name":"Meng Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9018-1367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meng Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["The State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and Hangzhou High-Tech Zone (Binjiang) Institute of Blockchain and Data Security, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9018-1367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China and Hangzhou High-Tech Zone (Binjiang) Institute of Blockchain and Data Security, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124133353","display_name":"Chenhao Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenhao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9790-2250","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123042905","display_name":"Shuwang Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuwang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8460-3747","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101532100","display_name":"Kai Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-3112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7410-3112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044900127","display_name":"Yadi Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yadi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6779-4226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000550266","display_name":"Bo Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3334-6150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3334-6150","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134703702"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96250028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2695","last_page":"2706"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.29510000348091125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.29510000348091125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.1687999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.1193000003695488,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.823199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5357999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5340999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-service","display_name":"Web service","score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.3156000077724457}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.823199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5357999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5340999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4456000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4440999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158156997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416645","display_name":"Models of communication","level":2,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46743427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341685","display_name":"Inference engine","level":3,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777472644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16968992","display_name":"Approximate inference","level":3,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774904.3792211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3792211","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774904.3792211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774904.3792211","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2026","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2889746123","https://openalex.org/W3034552520","https://openalex.org/W3093021001","https://openalex.org/W4312812783","https://openalex.org/W4367047526","https://openalex.org/W4386765144","https://openalex.org/W4389160811","https://openalex.org/W4390872692","https://openalex.org/W4390872915","https://openalex.org/W4390873935","https://openalex.org/W4392845003","https://openalex.org/W4394625669","https://openalex.org/W4405184816","https://openalex.org/W4408072156","https://openalex.org/W4409657039","https://openalex.org/W4409671494","https://openalex.org/W4415797808","https://openalex.org/W7106009315"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"advent":[1],"of":[2,87],"machine":[3],"learning":[4],"as":[5,50],"a":[6],"service":[7],"(MLaaS)":[8],"has":[9],"necessitated":[10],"secure":[11,95],"multi-party":[12],"computation":[13],"(MPC)-based":[14],"private":[15],"inference":[16,30,96,147],"(PI)":[17],"to":[18,32,67,131,159],"address":[19],"the":[20,35,58,82,146],"privacy":[21,37],"concerns":[22],"that":[23,98,166],"arise":[24],"when":[25],"web":[26],"servers":[27],"offer":[28],"query":[29],"services":[31],"users.":[33],"However,":[34],"formal":[36],"protection":[38],"incurs":[39],"substantial":[40],"communication":[41,169,202],"and":[42,84,89,94,112,119,126,155,172,180,204],"latency":[43,173,188,206],"overheads,":[44],"particularly":[45],"for":[46],"large":[47],"models":[48],"such":[49],"vision":[51],"transformers":[52],"(ViTs).":[53],"Existing":[54],"methods":[55],"either":[56],"ignore":[57],"inherent":[59],"attention":[60,107,128,154],"dependencies":[61],"or":[62],"naively":[63],"extend":[64],"CNN":[65],"optimizations":[66],"ViTs":[68,101],"despite":[69],"their":[70],"structural":[71],"discrepancies,":[72],"resulting":[73],"in":[74],"sub-optimal":[75],"performance.":[76],"In":[77],"this":[78],"paper,":[79],"we":[80],"co-design":[81],"MPC":[83],"architectural":[85],"properties":[86],"ViT":[88],"propose":[90],"SecViT,":[91],"an":[92,123],"efficient":[93],"framework":[97],"automatically":[99],"adapts":[100],"into":[102],"privacy-friendly":[103],"counterparts":[104],"with":[105,176,185,194],"optimal":[106],"configurations":[108],"at":[109],"different":[110],"layers":[111,139],"tokens":[113],"under":[114],"MPC,":[115],"balancing":[116],"model":[117],"capability":[118],"efficiency.":[120],"SecViT":[121,149,167,198],"features":[122],"MPC-efficient,":[124],"layer-dependent":[125],"load-balancing":[127],"representation":[129],"adapter":[130],"facilitate":[132],"feature":[133],"reuse":[134],"across":[135],"multiple":[136],"highly":[137],"correlated":[138],"without":[140],"impacting":[141],"accuracy.":[142],"To":[143],"further":[144,199],"reduce":[145],"cost,":[148],"also":[150],"develops":[151],"fine-grained":[152],"composite":[153],"activation":[156],"approximation":[157],"algorithms":[158],"achieve":[160],"superior":[161],"accuracy-efficiency":[162],"trade-offs.":[163],"Experiments":[164],"show":[165],"reduces":[168],"by":[170,174,183],"6.0x":[171],"4.6x":[175],"iso-accuracy":[177],"over":[178,189,208],"MPCViT,":[179],"improves":[181],"accuracy":[182],"4.92%":[184],"1.6x":[186],"lower":[187],"PriViT":[190],"on":[191],"Tiny-ImageNet.":[192],"Compared":[193],"state-of-the-art":[195],"PI":[196],"protocols,":[197],"achieves":[200],"10.0x":[201],"saving":[203],"7.9x":[205],"reduction":[207],"BumbleBee.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T06:12:00.211691","created_date":"2026-04-28T00:00:00"}