{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415850618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774629","title":"GPoS: Geospatially-aware Proof of Stake","display_name":"GPoS: Geospatially-aware Proof of Stake","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415850618","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774629"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774629","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013521870","display_name":"Shashank Motepalli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8246-2933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shashank Motepalli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto","Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8246-2933","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069737958","display_name":"N. Garg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3132-0072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119939252","display_name":"Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/03vfp4g33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119939252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68891433","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi","ror":"https://ror.org/049tgcd06","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naman Garg","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIIT-Delhi","IIIT-Delhi, New Delhi, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3132-0072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIIT-Delhi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252","https://openalex.org/I68891433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIIT-Delhi, New Delhi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119939252","https://openalex.org/I68891433"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061693881","display_name":"Gengrui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-9893"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gengrui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Concordia University","Concordia University, Montreal, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-9893","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Concordia University, Montreal, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072791865","display_name":"Hans\u2010Arno Jacobsen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0813-0101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hans-Arno Jacobsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto","University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0813-0101","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0267,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90682606,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9017000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9017000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.009399999864399433,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.9182000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.7127000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralization","display_name":"Decentralization","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5602999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-concept","display_name":"Proof of concept","score":0.48260000348091125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.9182000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.7127000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6445000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136810230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961","display_name":"Decentralization","level":2,"score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5602999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.48260000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779206190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162455","display_name":"Gini coefficient","level":4,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2511.02034","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2511.02034","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2511.02034","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2293888960","https://openalex.org/W2993565013","https://openalex.org/W3007488695","https://openalex.org/W4232836212","https://openalex.org/W4293168393","https://openalex.org/W4293195554","https://openalex.org/W4389509728","https://openalex.org/W4404274963","https://openalex.org/W4407851405","https://openalex.org/W4411061779"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Geospatial":[0],"decentralization":[1,98],"is":[2],"essential":[3],"for":[4],"blockchains,":[5],"ensuring":[6],"regulatory":[7],"resilience,":[8],"robustness,":[9],"and":[10,25,88],"fairness.":[11],"We":[12],"empirically":[13],"analyze":[14],"five":[15],"major":[16],"Proof":[17,47],"of":[18,48,75],"Stake":[19,49],"(PoS)":[20],"blockchains\u2014Aptos,":[21],"Avalanche,":[22],"Ethereum,":[23],"Solana,":[24],"Sui\u2014revealing":[26],"that":[27,93],"a":[28],"few":[29],"geographic":[30],"regions":[31],"dominate":[32],"consensus":[33,107],"voting":[34,57],"power,":[35],"resulting":[36],"in":[37,66,83,100],"limited":[38],"geospatial":[39,53,67,97],"decentralization.":[40],"To":[41],"address":[42],"this,":[43],"we":[44],"propose":[45],"Geospatially-aware":[46],"(GPoS),":[50],"which":[51],"integrates":[52],"diversity":[54],"with":[55],"stake-based":[56],"power.":[58],"Experimental":[59],"evaluation":[60],"demonstrates":[61],"an":[62],"average":[63],"45%":[64],"improvement":[65],"decentralization,":[68],"as":[69],"measured":[70],"by":[71],"the":[72],"Gini":[73],"coefficient":[74],"Eigenvector":[76],"centrality,":[77],"while":[78],"incurring":[79,103],"minimal":[80,104],"performance":[81],"overhead":[82,105],"BFT":[84],"protocols,":[85],"including":[86],"HotStuff":[87],"CometBFT.":[89],"These":[90],"results":[91],"demonstrate":[92],"GPoS":[94],"can":[95],"improve":[96],"while,":[99],"our":[101],"experiments,":[102],"to":[106],"performance.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-11-04T00:00:00"}