{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165571851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811604","title":"From Tutor Moves to Tutoring States: Modeling the Timing and Sequencing of Pedagogical Strategies for Student Engagement","display_name":"From Tutor Moves to Tutoring States: Modeling the Timing and Sequencing of Pedagogical Strategies for Student Engagement","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165571851","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811604"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774398.3811604","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811604","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811604","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090326226","display_name":"Kirk Vanacore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0673-5721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirk Vanacore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0673-5721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035602268","display_name":"Jinsook Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9957-1342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinsook Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9957-1342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136577538","display_name":"Bakhtawar Ahtisham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9331-5069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bakhtawar Ahtisham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9331-5069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135326499","display_name":"Sarah Shaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1694-5838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200719446","display_name":"Vanderbilt University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vm5rt34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Shaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1694-5838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200719446"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023084721","display_name":"Justin Reich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4562-7010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin Reich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4562-7010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071778778","display_name":"Ren\u00e9 F. Kizilcec","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6283-5546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rene Kizilcec","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6283-5546","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94842821,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"339","last_page":"349"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9104999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9104999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.03889999911189079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.00839999970048666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutor","display_name":"TUTOR","score":0.7092000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/praise","display_name":"Praise","score":0.6823999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioemotional-selectivity-theory","display_name":"Socioemotional selectivity theory","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.44269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-engagement","display_name":"Student engagement","score":0.34290000796318054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.7092000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775868214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208425","display_name":"Praise","level":2,"score":0.6823999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101595628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7552788","display_name":"Socioemotional selectivity theory","level":2,"score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5447999835014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5083000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.44269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.42649999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194519906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7627827","display_name":"Student engagement","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179748633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7160411","display_name":"Peer tutor","level":2,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","level":3,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774398.3811604","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811604","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774398.3811604","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811604","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8497307896614075}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W30830889","https://openalex.org/W643967429","https://openalex.org/W1970209023","https://openalex.org/W1990134054","https://openalex.org/W2004976651","https://openalex.org/W2015289523","https://openalex.org/W2019566340","https://openalex.org/W2041867097","https://openalex.org/W2051545216","https://openalex.org/W2058177657","https://openalex.org/W2068100625","https://openalex.org/W2084895013","https://openalex.org/W2091340751","https://openalex.org/W2098555131","https://openalex.org/W2108617939","https://openalex.org/W2117076205","https://openalex.org/W2121477371","https://openalex.org/W2125838338","https://openalex.org/W2135995390","https://openalex.org/W2147694185","https://openalex.org/W2150104072","https://openalex.org/W2152315455","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2293781730","https://openalex.org/W2560140854","https://openalex.org/W2746035292","https://openalex.org/W2788036298","https://openalex.org/W3011297335","https://openalex.org/W3011946343","https://openalex.org/W3041179138","https://openalex.org/W3117552487","https://openalex.org/W3180481785","https://openalex.org/W3198344161","https://openalex.org/W3198391288","https://openalex.org/W4232488826","https://openalex.org/W4235114045","https://openalex.org/W4385770659","https://openalex.org/W4387851331","https://openalex.org/W4396831993","https://openalex.org/W4400210641","https://openalex.org/W4401288477","https://openalex.org/W4408504572","https://openalex.org/W4411120843"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"how":[1,182,205],"tutoring":[2,31,154,170,218],"unfolds":[3],"requires":[4],"capturing":[5],"not":[6,173],"only":[7],"what":[8],"tutors":[9,178],"and":[10,44,73,82,84,90,132,187,220],"students":[11,152],"say,":[12],"but":[13,180],"also":[14],"the":[15,167,193],"multi-turn":[16],"pedagogical":[17],"strategies":[18,177,184],"that":[19,97,151,166,191,224],"structure":[20],"their":[21],"conversation.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24,202],"study,":[25],"we":[26,57],"analyze":[27],"77":[28],"online":[29],"math":[30],"sessions":[32],"(about":[33],"40":[34],"hours":[35],"of":[36,41,54,124,169,217],"tutoring)":[37],"using":[38,63],"a":[39,52,64,148],"combination":[40],"LLM-assisted":[42],"annotation":[43,209],"statistical":[45,212],"modeling.":[46],"Building":[47],"on":[48,80],"utterance-level":[49],"annotations":[50],"with":[51,121,129,134,147,210],"taxonomy":[53],"tutor":[55],"moves,":[56],"identify":[58,221],"three":[59],"recurrent":[60],"latent":[61],"states":[62,99],"Hidden":[65],"Markov":[66],"Model:":[67],"Inquiry":[68,105,130],"Elicitation":[69,106,131],"(dominated":[70],"by":[71,88,157],"prompting":[72],"probing":[74],"student":[75,125,139,198],"reasoning),":[76],"Direct":[77,111,143],"Instruction":[78,112,144],"(centered":[79],"explanation":[81],"scaffolding),":[83],"Affective":[85,135],"Support":[86,136],"(characterized":[87],"praise":[89],"socioemotional":[91],"support).":[92],"Sequential":[93],"pattern":[94],"mining":[95],"revealed":[96],"these":[98,163],"exhibit":[100],"distinct":[101],"instructional":[102],"motifs\u2014for":[103],"example,":[104],"involves":[107],"repeated":[108],"prompting,":[109],"while":[110,141],"features":[113],"sustained":[114,227],"explanatory":[115],"scaffolding.":[116],"These":[117],"dynamics":[118],"were":[119],"correlated":[120],"different":[122],"levels":[123],"engagement.":[126,199,228],"Sessions":[127],"starting":[128],"ending":[133],"elicited":[137],"more":[138],"talk,":[140],"sustaining":[142],"was":[145],"associated":[146],"higher":[149],"likelihood":[150],"met":[153],"dosage":[155],"recommendations":[156],"returning":[158],"for":[159],"additional":[160],"sessions.":[161],"Together,":[162],"results":[164],"suggest":[165],"impact":[168],"may":[171,225],"lie":[172],"just":[174],"in":[175,181],"which":[176],"employ,":[179],"those":[183],"are":[185],"ordered":[186],"coordinated":[188],"over":[189],"time\u2014patterns":[190],"reveal":[192],"deeper":[194],"conversational":[195,222],"architecture":[196],"shaping":[197],"More":[200],"broadly,":[201],"work":[203],"demonstrates":[204],"integrating":[206],"generative":[207],"AI":[208],"advanced":[211],"modeling":[213],"can":[214],"scale":[215],"analyses":[216],"dialogue":[219],"practices":[223],"prompt":[226]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T06:41:19.629770","created_date":"2026-06-23T00:00:00"}
