{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165540874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811577","title":"Personalized Worked Example Generation from Student Code Submissions Using Pattern-based Knowledge Components","display_name":"Personalized Worked Example Generation from Student Code Submissions Using Pattern-based Knowledge Components","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165540874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811577"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774398.3811577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811577","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811577","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060430108","display_name":"Griffin Pitts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3111-6118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Griffin Pitts","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3111-6118","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027964018","display_name":"Muntasir Hoq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2591-0476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muntasir Hoq","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2591-0476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037674585","display_name":"Peter Brusilovsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1902-1464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Brusilovsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1902-1464","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090187471","display_name":"Narges Norouzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-7540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Narges Norouzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-7540","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076828114","display_name":"Arto Hellas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6502-209X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arto Hellas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6502-209X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041367899","display_name":"Juho Leinonen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6829-9449"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juho Leinonen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6829-9449","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000710051","display_name":"Bita Akram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5195-5841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bita Akram","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5195-5841","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93867553,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"501","last_page":"505"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.11919999867677689,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.11919999867677689,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12884","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Pedagogy","score":0.09740000218153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.0632999986410141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5234000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.42149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.3012000024318695}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6692000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5234000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.42149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774398.3811577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811577","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774398.3811577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811577","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6204847097396851,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001468118","https://openalex.org/W2106779500","https://openalex.org/W2729115344","https://openalex.org/W4294238430","https://openalex.org/W4390490725","https://openalex.org/W4394947125","https://openalex.org/W4407681753"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Adaptive":[0],"programming":[1],"practice":[2,12],"often":[3],"relies":[4],"on":[5],"fixed":[6],"libraries":[7,66],"of":[8,72,160],"worked":[9,128],"examples":[10],"and":[11,19,28,96,112,131,134,148],"problems,":[13],"which":[14],"require":[15],"substantial":[16],"authoring":[17],"effort":[18,62],"may":[20,40],"not":[21,46],"correspond":[22],"well":[23],"to":[24,54,115,127,150],"the":[25,49],"logical":[26,153],"errors":[27],"partial":[29],"solutions":[30],"students":[31,39],"produce":[32],"while":[33,56],"writing":[34],"code.":[35,91],"As":[36],"a":[37,69,93,117],"result,":[38],"receive":[41],"learning":[42,166],"content":[43,65,83],"that":[44,142,157],"does":[45],"directly":[47],"address":[48],"concepts":[50],"they":[51],"are":[52],"working":[53],"understand,":[55],"instructors":[57],"must":[58],"either":[59],"invest":[60],"additional":[61],"in":[63],"expanding":[64],"or":[67],"accept":[68],"coarse":[70],"level":[71],"personalization.":[73],"We":[74],"present":[75],"an":[76],"approach":[77,126],"for":[78],"knowledge-component":[79],"(KC)":[80],"guided":[81],"educational":[82],"generation":[84,144],"using":[85],"pattern-based":[86],"KCs":[87],"extracted":[88],"from":[89,106],"student":[90,97],"Given":[92],"problem":[94],"statement":[95],"submissions,":[98],"our":[99],"pipeline":[100],"extracts":[101],"recurring":[102],"structural":[103],"KC":[104],"patterns":[105],"students'":[107,151],"code":[108],"through":[109,137],"AST-based":[110],"analysis":[111],"uses":[113],"them":[114],"condition":[116],"generative":[118,161],"model.":[119],"In":[120],"this":[121,125],"study,":[122],"we":[123],"apply":[124],"example":[129],"generation,":[130],"compare":[132],"baseline":[133],"KC-conditioned":[135,143],"outputs":[136],"expert":[138],"evaluation.":[139],"Results":[140],"suggest":[141],"improves":[145],"topical":[146],"focus":[147],"relevance":[149],"underlying":[152],"errors,":[154],"providing":[155],"evidence":[156],"KC-based":[158],"steering":[159],"models":[162],"can":[163],"support":[164],"personalized":[165],"at":[167],"scale.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T06:17:17.354583","created_date":"2026-06-23T00:00:00"}
