{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165574361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811566","title":"Generate-Filter-Edit: A Human-AI Collaborative Pipeline for Developing and Automatically Evaluating Middle School Mathematics Questions","display_name":"Generate-Filter-Edit: A Human-AI Collaborative Pipeline for Developing and Automatically Evaluating Middle School Mathematics Questions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165574361","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811566"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774398.3811566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811566","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811566","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037732249","display_name":"Hai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7299-2042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7299-2042","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031131748","display_name":"Wanli Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1446-889X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145608581","display_name":"University of Miami","ror":"https://ror.org/02dgjyy92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanli Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1446-889X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000207892","display_name":"Chenglu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1782-0457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenglu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lak City, Utah, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1782-0457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lak City, Utah, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033821994","display_name":"Ran Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2567-0473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2567-0473","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"448","last_page":"452"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.3903999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.3903999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.0689999982714653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.056299999356269836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.7290999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.6783000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5436000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4456000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.31630000472068787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.7290999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.6783000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6464999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5436000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44589999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4456000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4185999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.41290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.3070000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982736386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Statistical learning","level":2,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774398.3811566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811566","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3774398.3811566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3774398.3811566","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6684601306915283,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2593721955","https://openalex.org/W2964941017","https://openalex.org/W2979629418","https://openalex.org/W2989613245","https://openalex.org/W3112662341","https://openalex.org/W4285274433","https://openalex.org/W4362580133","https://openalex.org/W4367844670","https://openalex.org/W4390565214","https://openalex.org/W4392445324","https://openalex.org/W4405374981","https://openalex.org/W4407842282","https://openalex.org/W4407934843"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scaling":[0],"high-quality":[1],"mathematics":[2,50,151],"assessment":[3,161],"requires":[4],"balancing":[5],"automated":[6,159],"generation":[7],"with":[8,28,43],"pedagogical":[9],"standards.":[10],"While":[11],"Large":[12],"Language":[13],"Models":[14],"show":[15,109],"promise":[16],"for":[17,52,63,150,158],"educational":[18],"content":[19,128],"creation,":[20],"systematic":[21],"evaluation":[22],"of":[23],"their":[24],"output":[25],"and":[26,69,102,140,154,162],"integration":[27],"human":[29],"expertise":[30],"remain":[31],"underexplored.":[32],"We":[33],"propose":[34],"a":[35,118],"Generate\u2013Filter\u2013Edit":[36],"human\u2013AI":[37,148],"pipeline":[38],"combining":[39],"GPT-4's":[40],"generative":[41],"capacity":[42],"expert":[44],"teacher":[45],"judgment":[46],"to":[47,100],"produce":[48],"middle-school":[49],"items":[51,90,106],"large-scale":[53],"deployment.":[54],"Analyzing":[55],"5,634":[56],"GPT-4-generated":[57],"questions,":[58],"we":[59,81],"found":[60],"68.74%":[61],"ready":[62],"immediate":[64],"use,":[65],"19.42%":[66],"requiring":[67,107],"revision,":[68],"11.84%":[70],"discarded.":[71],"Through":[72],"comprehensive":[73],"statistical":[74],"significance":[75],"testing":[76],"on":[77,122],"378":[78],"textual":[79,95,137],"features,":[80],"identified":[82],"key":[83],"linguistic":[84],"predictors":[85],"distinguishing":[86],"quality":[87,160],"levels.":[88],"Low-quality":[89],"exhibit":[91],"significantly":[92],"higher":[93,110],"paragraph-level":[94],"overlap":[96],"(Cohen's":[97],"d":[98],"up":[99],"0.403)":[101],"greater":[103],"verbosity,":[104],"while":[105,126],"revision":[108],"rare":[111],"vocabulary":[112],"ratios.":[113],"Teacher":[114],"editing":[115,163],"behaviors":[116],"follow":[117],"light-touch":[119],"approach,":[120],"focusing":[121],"mathematical":[123],"language":[124],"formalization":[125],"preserving":[127],"fidelity.":[129],"Post-deployment":[130],"engagement":[131],"analysis":[132],"revealed":[133],"significant":[134],"correlations":[135],"between":[136],"complexity":[138],"features":[139],"student\u2013chatbot":[141],"interaction":[142],"patterns.":[143],"Our":[144],"results":[145],"validate":[146],"scalable":[147],"collaboration":[149],"item":[152],"development":[153],"provide":[155],"evidence-based":[156],"frameworks":[157],"support":[164],"systems.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-06-23T00:00:00"}
