{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417300678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3773699.3773918","title":"Protocol as Poetry: A Case Study of Pak's Smart Contract-Based Protocol Art","display_name":"Protocol as Poetry: A Case Study of Pak's Smart Contract-Based Protocol Art","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417300678","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3773699.3773918"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3773699.3773918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3773699.3773918","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 12th International Conference on Digital and Interactive Arts: Media Art Cultures, Communities & Territories","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3773699.3773918","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101629970","display_name":"Baoyu Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Botao Amber Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4504-0941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101629970"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50721429,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.19290000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.19290000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14114","display_name":"Digital Media and Philosophy","score":0.0771000012755394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13216","display_name":"Artistic and Creative Research","score":0.05490000173449516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5637999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.5440999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol-analysis","display_name":"Protocol analysis","score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agency","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","score":0.4025999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamism","display_name":"Dynamism","score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portfolio","display_name":"Portfolio","score":0.3662000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-inter-orb-protocol","display_name":"General Inter-ORB Protocol","score":0.33390000462532043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5637999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5534999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.5440999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133112747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251931","display_name":"Protocol analysis","level":2,"score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4025999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775836275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3502310","display_name":"Dynamism","level":2,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780821815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5340806","display_name":"Portfolio","level":2,"score":0.3662000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75114861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q594324","display_name":"General Inter-ORB Protocol","level":5,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165751822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7894118","display_name":"Universal composability","level":4,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203663800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848979","display_name":"Citizen journalism","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775851571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6045205","display_name":"Interaction protocol","level":3,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111009948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067690","display_name":"Two-phase commit protocol","level":5,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519222250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860372","display_name":"Digital art","level":3,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3773699.3773918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3773699.3773918","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 12th International Conference on Digital and Interactive Arts: Media Art Cultures, Communities & Territories","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2505.12393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2505.12393","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.12393","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.12393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2505.12393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2505.12393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3773699.3773918","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3773699.3773918","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 12th International Conference on Digital and Interactive Arts: Media Art Cultures, Communities & Territories","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Protocol":[0],"art":[1,22,35,141,144,196,225],"has":[2],"recently":[3],"proliferated":[4],"through":[5,68],"blockchain-based":[6],"smart":[7,61],"contracts,":[8],"building":[9],"on":[10,223],"a":[11,53,122],"century-long":[12],"lineage":[13],"of":[14,32,48,79,87,94,101,131],"conceptual,":[15,203],"participatory,":[16,205],"interactive,":[17,206],"systematic,":[18],"algorithmic,":[19],"and":[20,30,55,65,83,97,114,161,167,180,207,228],"generative":[21],"practices.":[23],"Few":[24],"studies":[25],"have":[26],"examined":[27],"the":[28,73,84,91,98,220],"characteristics":[29,138],"appreciation":[31],"this":[33,39,41,236],"emerging":[34,221],"form.":[36,238],"To":[37],"address":[38],"gap,":[40],"paper":[42],"presents":[43],"an":[44],"annotated":[45],"portfolio":[46],"analysis":[47,130],"protocol":[49,69,140,195,224],"artworks":[50],"by":[51],"Pak,":[52],"pioneering":[54],"influential":[56],"pseudonymous":[57],"artist":[58],"who":[59],"treats":[60],"contracts":[62],"as":[63,70,202],"medium":[64],"collective":[66],"participation":[67],"message.":[71],"Tracing":[72],"evolution":[74],"from":[75,142,198],"early":[76],"open-edition":[77],"releases":[78],"The":[80],"Fungible":[81],"(2021)":[82,89],"dynamic":[85],"mechanics":[86],"Merge":[88],"to":[90,219],"soul-bound":[92],"messaging":[93],"Censored":[95],"(2022)":[96],"reflective":[99],"absence":[100],"Not":[102],"Found":[103],"(2023),":[104],"we":[105,134,217],"examine":[106],"how":[107,118,191],"Pak":[108],"choreographs":[109],"distributed":[110,159],"agency":[111,160],"across":[112],"collectors":[113],"autonomous":[115,153],"code,":[116],"demonstrating":[117],"programmable":[119],"protocols":[120],"become":[121],"social":[123],"fabric":[124],"in":[125,177,214],"artistic":[126],"meaning-making.":[127],"Through":[128],"thematic":[129],"Pak\u2019s":[132,215],"works,":[133],"identify":[135],"seven":[136],"core":[137],"distinguishing":[139],"other":[143],"forms:":[145],"(1)":[146],"system-centric":[147],"rather":[148],"than":[149],"object-centric":[150],"composition,":[151],"(2)":[152],"governance":[154],"enabling":[155,183],"open-ended":[156],"control,":[157],"(3)":[158],"communal":[162],"authorship,":[163],"(4)":[164],"temporal":[165],"dynamism":[166],"lifecycle":[168],"aesthetics,":[169],"(5)":[170],"economy-driven":[171],"engagement,":[172],"(6)":[173],"poetic":[174],"message":[175],"embedded":[176],"interaction":[178],"rituals,":[179],"(7)":[181],"interoperability":[182],"composability":[184],"for":[185,232],"emergent":[186],"complexity.":[187],"We":[188],"then":[189],"discuss":[190],"these":[192],"features":[193],"set":[194],"apart":[197],"adjacent":[199],"movements":[200],"such":[201],"generative,":[204],"performance":[208],"art.":[209],"By":[210],"analyzing":[211],"principles":[212],"grounded":[213],"practice,":[216],"contribute":[218],"literature":[222],"(or":[226],"\u201cprotocolism\u201d)":[227],"offer":[229],"design":[230],"implications":[231],"future":[233],"artists":[234],"exploring":[235],"evolving":[237]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-27T08:22:11.395708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}