{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415505991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3773040","title":"Datapath Combinational Equivalence Checking With Hybrid Sweeping Engines and Parallelization","display_name":"Datapath Combinational Equivalence Checking With Hybrid Sweeping Engines and Parallelization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415505991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3773040"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3773040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3773040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3773040","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113233382","display_name":"Zhihan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5702-2508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhihan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of System Software (Chinese Academy of Sciences) and State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences","University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Computer Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of System Software (Chinese Academy of Sciences) and State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Computer Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056982340","display_name":"Xindi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5541-7194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xindi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of System Software (Chinese Academy of Sciences) and State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences","University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Computer Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of System Software (Chinese Academy of Sciences) and State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Computer Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059701723","display_name":"Yuhang Qian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhang Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of System Software (Chinese Academy of Sciences) and State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences","University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Computer Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of System Software (Chinese Academy of Sciences) and State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Computer Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077138780","display_name":"Shaowei Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1730-6922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaowei Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of System Software (Chinese Academy of Sciences) and State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences","University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Computer Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of System Software (Chinese Academy of Sciences) and State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Computer Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113233382"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33598061,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/datapath","display_name":"Datapath","score":0.9323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-equivalence-checking","display_name":"Formal equivalence checking","score":0.6043000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5972999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/netlist","display_name":"Netlist","score":0.5371000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equivalence","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.4499000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinational-logic","display_name":"Combinational logic","score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.3506999909877777}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1633673","display_name":"Datapath","level":2,"score":0.9323999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8356999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96654402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5469962","display_name":"Formal equivalence checking","level":3,"score":0.6043000221252441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.6014000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5972999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177650935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1760303","display_name":"Netlist","level":2,"score":0.5371000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780069185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7977945","display_name":"Equivalence (formal languages)","level":2,"score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.4499000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.40070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81409106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76505","display_name":"Combinational logic","level":3,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.3506999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110251889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569697","display_name":"Model checking","level":2,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14580979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876049","display_name":"Very-large-scale integration","level":2,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205606062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249645","display_name":"Decoupling (probability)","level":2,"score":0.28999999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779030575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827773","display_name":"Verilog","level":3,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136643341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361526","display_name":"Reachability","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.27410000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.27309998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3773040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3773040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3773040","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3773040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566041312","https://openalex.org/W2040632328","https://openalex.org/W2044560939","https://openalex.org/W2046239089","https://openalex.org/W2060407451","https://openalex.org/W2123710050","https://openalex.org/W2137035823","https://openalex.org/W2140132043","https://openalex.org/W2170259515","https://openalex.org/W2964266055","https://openalex.org/W2980174590","https://openalex.org/W3165204519"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Synthesizing":[0],"circuits":[1,69],"to":[2,62,223],"achieve":[3],"better":[4],"PPA":[5],"is":[6],"crucial,":[7],"particularly":[8],"in":[9,56,183,196],"datapath":[10,68,207],"netlists":[11],"with":[12],"various":[13],"arithmetic":[14],"operators.":[15],"The":[16],"verification":[17],"relies":[18],"on":[19,165,205,226,234],"the":[20,27,40,51,64,138,142,149,184,189,216],"Combinational":[21],"Equivalence":[22],"Checking":[23],"(CEC)":[24],"techniques,":[25],"checking":[26],"equivalence":[28,52],"of":[29,53,73,89,141,228],"two":[30],"combinational":[31],"circuits.":[32,185],"Contemporary":[33],"CEC":[34,125,201],"tools":[35],"commonly":[36],"utilize":[37],"SAT":[38,99,161,191],"as":[39],"principal":[41],"reasoning":[42],"engine,":[43],"employing":[44],"a":[45,86,123,155,197],"SAT-sweeping":[46,150],"algorithm,":[47],"which":[48],"sequentially":[49],"confirms":[50],"internal":[54,190],"pairs":[55,72],"topological":[57],"order,":[58],"merging":[59],"verified":[60],"equivalents":[61],"reduce":[63],"netlist\u2019s":[65],"scale.":[66],"Nonetheless,":[67],"frequently":[70],"comprise":[71],"nodes":[74,84],"characterized":[75],"by":[76,173,180],"relatively":[77],"limited":[78],"transitive":[79],"fan-in":[80],"cones,":[81],"yet":[82],"these":[83],"display":[85],"pronounced":[87],"density":[88],"XOR":[90,166],"chains.":[91],"This":[92,120],"particular":[93],"arrangement":[94],"presents":[95],"considerable":[96],"obstacles":[97],"for":[98,160],"solvers.":[100],"To":[101],"address":[102],"this,":[103],"exact":[104],"probability-based":[105],"simulation":[106],"(EPS)":[107],"provides":[108],"an":[109,242],"effective":[110],"solution,":[111],"but":[112],"its":[113,118,130,247],"high":[114],"memory":[115,139],"requirements":[116,140],"limit":[117],"applicability.":[119],"article":[121],"proposes":[122],"hybrid":[124],"prover,":[126],"hybridCEC":[127],",":[128],"and":[129,145,162,175,192,230,249],"parallel":[131,200,239],"version,":[132],"paraHCEC":[133],".":[134],"Firstly,":[135],"we":[136,153,170,187],"decrease":[137],"EPS":[143,193],"method":[144,213],"integrate":[146],"it":[147],"into":[148],"framework.":[151],"Secondly,":[152],"propose":[154],"dynamic":[156],"engine":[157,178],"selection":[158],"heuristic":[159],"EPS,":[163],"based":[164],"chain":[167],"density.":[168],"Thirdly,":[169],"improve":[171],"efficiency":[172],"identifying":[174],"reducing":[176],"redundant":[177],"calls":[179],"detecting":[181],"regularity":[182],"Finally,":[186],"parallelize":[188],"engines,":[194],"resulting":[195],"highly":[198],"efficient":[199],"prover.":[202],"Extensive":[203],"experiments":[204],"industrial":[206],"circuit":[208],"benchmarks":[209],"demonstrate":[210],"that":[211],"our":[212,237],"significantly":[214],"outperforms":[215],"state-of-the-art":[217],"prover":[218],"ABC":[219],"\u201c&cec\u201d,":[220],"achieving":[221],"up":[222],"100\u00d7":[224],"speedups":[225,233],"40%":[227],"instances":[229],"over":[231],"1000\u00d7":[232],"14%.":[235],"Moreover,":[236],"64-thread":[238],"version":[240],"achieved":[241],"impressive":[243],"70\u00d7":[244],"speedup,":[245],"highlighting":[246],"scalability":[248],"effectiveness.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}