{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415412828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772371","title":"EStacker: Explaining Battery-Less IoT System Performance with Energy Stacks","display_name":"EStacker: Explaining Battery-Less IoT System Performance with Energy Stacks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415412828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772371"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772371","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120088499","display_name":"Lukas Liedtke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3751-4016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Liedtke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science (IDI), Norwegian University of Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science (IDI), Norwegian University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029254456","display_name":"Per Gunnar Kjeldsberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9107-116X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Per Gunnar Kjeldsberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Systems (IES), Norwegian University of Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Systems (IES), Norwegian University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071988834","display_name":"Frank Alexander Kraemer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8657-5379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Alexander Kraemer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security and Communication Technology (IIK), Norwegian University of Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology (IIK), Norwegian University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067108530","display_name":"Magnus Jahre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9147-5228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magnus Jahre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science (IDI), Norwegian University of Science and Technology"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science (IDI), Norwegian University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120088499"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3007922,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6834999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.6403999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5382000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5325999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.4925000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4562000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4415999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stack","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","score":0.43880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.39500001072883606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6834999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6403999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6074000000953674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5382000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5325999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.4925000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.46059998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4562000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4415999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9395851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177929","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.43880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101518730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930236","display_name":"Energy harvesting","level":3,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110253651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5377034","display_name":"Energy current","level":3,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.3749000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520301825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380170","display_name":"Energy conservation","level":2,"score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35380695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4827434","display_name":"Available energy","level":3,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19012869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578372","display_name":"Response time","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136160450","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","issn_l":"1539-9087","issn":["1539-9087","1558-3465"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005440991","https://openalex.org/W2013062050","https://openalex.org/W2019485226","https://openalex.org/W2079218824","https://openalex.org/W2127643746","https://openalex.org/W2128160875","https://openalex.org/W2167990963","https://openalex.org/W2543288513","https://openalex.org/W2586115897","https://openalex.org/W2612174122","https://openalex.org/W2725179571","https://openalex.org/W2761598581","https://openalex.org/W2790352815","https://openalex.org/W2792808617","https://openalex.org/W2947981018","https://openalex.org/W2953858112","https://openalex.org/W2987383153","https://openalex.org/W2988139230","https://openalex.org/W3004773932","https://openalex.org/W3012002440","https://openalex.org/W3088861887","https://openalex.org/W3099903933","https://openalex.org/W3102905858","https://openalex.org/W3109026372","https://openalex.org/W3201279873","https://openalex.org/W4225705568","https://openalex.org/W4308083823","https://openalex.org/W4381894653","https://openalex.org/W4399426589","https://openalex.org/W4404034882"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,25,210],"number":[1],"of":[2,4,49,85,121,162,170,182,235],"Internet":[3],"Things":[5],"(IoT)":[6],"devices":[7,22],"is":[8,13,28,69],"increasing":[9],"exponentially,":[10],"and":[11,15,67,77,79,105,108,127,176,217,231],"it":[12,220],"environmentally":[14],"economically":[16],"unsustainable":[17],"to":[18,38,71,198,221,227],"power":[19],"all":[20],"these":[21],"with":[23,142],"batteries.":[24],"key":[26],"alternative":[27],"energy":[29,75,92,111,119,137,195,232],"harvesting,":[30],"but":[31],"battery-less":[32,164],"IoT":[33,53,165],"systems":[34],"require":[35],"extensive":[36],"evaluation":[37,58,99,151],"demonstrate":[39,179],"that":[40,60,63],"they":[41],"are":[42],"sufficiently":[43],"performant":[44],"across":[45,124],"the":[46,73,87,90,97,117,133,143,159,163,180,189,223,229],"full":[47],"range":[48],"expected":[50],"operating":[51],"conditions.":[52],"developers":[54],"thus":[55],"need":[56],"an":[57,122],"platform":[59,100],"(i)":[61,102],"ensures":[62],"each":[64],"evaluated":[65],"application":[66,88,123,128,134,239],"configuration":[68],"exposed":[70],"exactly":[72],"same":[74],"environment":[76],"events,":[78],"(ii)":[80,109],"provides":[81],"a":[82,200,236],"detailed":[83],"account":[84],"what":[86,132],"spends":[89],"harvested":[91],"on.":[93,138],"We":[94,139,178],"therefore":[95],"developed":[96],"EStacker":[98,141,183],"which":[101],"enables":[103],"fair":[104],"repeatable":[106],"evaluation,":[107],"generates":[110],"stacks.":[112],"Energy":[113],"stacks":[114],"break":[115],"down":[116],"total":[118],"consumption":[120],"hardware":[125],"components":[126],"activities,":[129],"thereby":[130],"explaining":[131],"specifically":[135],"uses":[136],"augment":[140],"ST-SP":[144],"optimization":[145],"which,":[146],"in":[147,240],"our":[148],"experiments,":[149],"reduces":[150],"time":[152,175],"by":[153,172,208],"6.3\u00d7":[154],"on":[155,215],"average":[156],"while":[157],"retaining":[158],"temporal":[160],"behavior":[161],"system":[166],"(average":[167],"throughput":[168],"error":[169],"7.7%)":[171],"proportionally":[173],"scaling":[174],"power.":[177],"utility":[181],"through":[184],"two":[185],"case":[186,191,212],"studies.":[187],"In":[188],"first":[190],"study,":[192],"we":[193,218],"use":[194,219],"stack":[196],"profiles":[197],"identify":[199],"performance":[201,207],"problem":[202],"that,":[203],"once":[204],"addressed,":[205],"improves":[206],"3.3\u00d7.":[209],"second":[211],"study":[213],"focuses":[214],"ST-SP,":[216,247],"explore":[222],"design":[224,250],"space":[225,251],"required":[226],"dimension":[228],"harvester":[230],"storage":[233],"sizes":[234],"smart":[237],"parking":[238],"roughly":[241],"one":[242,257],"week":[243],"(7.7":[244],"days).":[245,260],"Without":[246],"sweeping":[248],"this":[249],"would":[252],"have":[253],"taken":[254],"well":[255],"over":[256],"month":[258],"(41.7":[259]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}