{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131832575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772363.3799049","title":"TherapyProbe: Generating Design Knowledge for Relational Safety in Mental Health Chatbots Through Adversarial Simulation","display_name":"TherapyProbe: Generating Design Knowledge for Relational Safety in Mental Health Chatbots Through Adversarial Simulation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131832575","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772363.3799049"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772363.3799049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772363.3799049","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772363.3799049","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127474093","display_name":"Joydeep Chandra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joydeep Chandra","raw_affiliation_strings":["BNRIST, Dept. of CST, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1909-3263","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BNRIST, Dept. of CST, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119688676","display_name":"Satyam Kumar Navneet","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164339","display_name":"Oldham Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05cxzzq07","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164339"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satyam Kumar Navneet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher, Bihar, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9852-7174","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, Bihar, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164339"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126990600","display_name":"Yong Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["BNRIST, Dept. of CST, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8803-2055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BNRIST, Dept. of CST, Tsinghua University, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2506647,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.9009000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.9009000062942505,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.010200000368058681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.883899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7240999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/harm","display_name":"Harm","score":0.6223000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.5357999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.5199000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health","display_name":"Mental health","score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-control","display_name":"Poison control","score":0.32919999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.883899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7240999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777363581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15098235","display_name":"Harm","level":2,"score":0.6223000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5371000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.5357999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.5199000239372253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36469998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.32919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777007513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186708","display_name":"Critical design","level":2,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13854087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061656","display_name":"Interaction design","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982912361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1851867","display_name":"Mental model","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557","display_name":"Patient safety","level":3,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190954187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270587","display_name":"Dialog system","level":3,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90734943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008777","display_name":"Conceptualization","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772363.3799049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772363.3799049","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2602.22775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2602.22775","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2602.22775","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2602.22775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772363.3799049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772363.3799049","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"mental":[1],"health":[2],"chatbots":[3,52,94],"proliferate":[4],"to":[5],"address":[6],"the":[7,22,33,46],"global":[8],"treatment":[9],"gap,":[10],"a":[11,61,114,129,137],"critical":[12],"question":[13],"emerges:":[14],"How":[15],"do":[16],"we":[17],"design":[18,62,68,124,143],"for":[19,145],"relational":[20,85],"safety":[21,39,86],"quality":[23],"of":[24,35,118],"interaction":[25,88],"patterns":[26,89],"that":[27,49,65],"unfold":[28],"across":[29],"conversations":[30],"rather":[31],"than":[32],"correctness":[34],"individual":[36],"responses?":[37],"Current":[38],"evaluations":[40],"assess":[41],"single-turn":[42],"crisis":[43],"responses,":[44],"missing":[45],"therapeutic":[47],"dynamics":[48],"determine":[50],"whether":[51],"help":[53],"or":[54,98],"harm":[55],"over":[56,105],"time.":[57],"We":[58,126],"introduce":[59],"TherapyProbe,":[60],"probe":[63],"methodology":[64,131],"generates":[66],"actionable":[67],"knowledge":[69],"by":[70],"systematically":[71],"exploring":[72],"chatbot":[73],"conversation":[74],"trajectories":[75],"through":[76],"adversarial":[77],"multi-agent":[78],"simulation.":[79],"Using":[80],"open-source":[81],"models,":[82],"TherapyProbe":[83],"surfaces":[84],"failures":[87,112],"like":[90],"\u201cvalidation":[91],"spirals\u201d":[92],"where":[93,101],"progressively":[95],"reinforce":[96],"hopelessness,":[97],"\u201cempathy":[99],"fatigue\u201d":[100],"responses":[102],"become":[103],"mechanical":[104],"turns.":[106],"Our":[107],"contribution":[108],"is":[109],"translating":[110],"these":[111],"into":[113],"Safety":[115],"Pattern":[116],"Library":[117],"23":[119],"failure":[120,139],"archetypes":[121],"with":[122],"corresponding":[123],"recommendations.":[125],"contribute:":[127],"(1)":[128],"replicable":[130],"requiring":[132],"no":[133],"API":[134],"costs,":[135],"(2)":[136],"clinically-grounded":[138],"taxonomy,":[140],"and":[141,148],"(3)":[142],"implications":[144],"developers,":[146],"clinicians,":[147],"policymakers.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-28T00:00:00"}