{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154028229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791480","title":"When AI Gets It Wrong: Scaffolding AI Hallucination Detection for Children Through Chatbot Creation","display_name":"When AI Gets It Wrong: Scaffolding AI Hallucination Detection for Children Through Chatbot Creation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154028229","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791480"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3791480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791480","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791480","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070231318","display_name":"Xiaoyi Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5045-0136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyi Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5045-0136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125974679","display_name":"Deniz Ozturk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deniz Ozturk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7245-7501","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133508969","display_name":"Sreekar Edula","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3471-5760"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sreekar Edula","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3471-5760","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133512315","display_name":"Jibran Adil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3817-8882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jibran Adil","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3817-8882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qiao Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5493-1343"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiao Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5493-1343","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069526885","display_name":"Yang Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6486-4340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6486-4340","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015569299","display_name":"T. Barnes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiffany Barnes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6500-9976","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.20469999313354492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.20469999313354492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.08590000122785568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.06750000268220901,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.6723999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hallucinating","display_name":"Hallucinating","score":0.6495000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/creativity","display_name":"Creativity","score":0.5101000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ideation","display_name":"Ideation","score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literacy","display_name":"Literacy","score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociotechnical-system","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serious-game","display_name":"Serious game","score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/think-aloud-protocol","display_name":"Think aloud protocol","score":0.34209999442100525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.6723999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911011789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130741","display_name":"Hallucinating","level":2,"score":0.6495000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5335999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.5101000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.451200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4090999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170477896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17039022","display_name":"Ideation","level":2,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127627568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1639361","display_name":"Sociotechnical system","level":2,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018769082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1506693","display_name":"Serious game","level":2,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78821406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391810","display_name":"Think aloud protocol","level":3,"score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779267917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170028","display_name":"Deception","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778073708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330667","display_name":"Language development","level":2,"score":0.3140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987423310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18159725","display_name":"Wizard of oz","level":2,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85973986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1091731","display_name":"Exploratory research","level":2,"score":0.29019999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100609095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335050","display_name":"Embodied cognition","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164953862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256440","display_name":"Psychomotor learning","level":3,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19351080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1395034","display_name":"New product development","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80023036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5147531","display_name":"Collocation (remote sensing)","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3791480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791480","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3791480","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791480","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8966541290283203,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1540823594","https://openalex.org/W1970953601","https://openalex.org/W2084944215","https://openalex.org/W2091127757","https://openalex.org/W2116926372","https://openalex.org/W2132695363","https://openalex.org/W2142225512","https://openalex.org/W2289767335","https://openalex.org/W2654569425","https://openalex.org/W2790505917","https://openalex.org/W2808967136","https://openalex.org/W2929314802","https://openalex.org/W2941382599","https://openalex.org/W2956066828","https://openalex.org/W2963813626","https://openalex.org/W2965058023","https://openalex.org/W2966718639","https://openalex.org/W2976108167","https://openalex.org/W3029022390","https://openalex.org/W3030508559","https://openalex.org/W3127385833","https://openalex.org/W3135354507","https://openalex.org/W3147068624","https://openalex.org/W3159980834","https://openalex.org/W3163443091","https://openalex.org/W3174113079","https://openalex.org/W3174968969","https://openalex.org/W3176062377","https://openalex.org/W3177181326","https://openalex.org/W3205271445","https://openalex.org/W3206654930","https://openalex.org/W3210187978","https://openalex.org/W3215201135","https://openalex.org/W4283164336","https://openalex.org/W4283329013","https://openalex.org/W4283448427","https://openalex.org/W4297156593","https://openalex.org/W4309674289","https://openalex.org/W4323037644","https://openalex.org/W4366249120","https://openalex.org/W4366393300","https://openalex.org/W4366550035","https://openalex.org/W4380479537","https://openalex.org/W4382654491","https://openalex.org/W4387749134","https://openalex.org/W4388007985","https://openalex.org/W4388494002","https://openalex.org/W4389097088","https://openalex.org/W4389520244","https://openalex.org/W4389520670","https://openalex.org/W4392266494","https://openalex.org/W4392736278","https://openalex.org/W4392767952","https://openalex.org/W4393359157","https://openalex.org/W4396833398","https://openalex.org/W4400144765","https://openalex.org/W4408589781","https://openalex.org/W4409348537","https://openalex.org/W4409736117","https://openalex.org/W4409746272","https://openalex.org/W4409767076","https://openalex.org/W4411550483","https://openalex.org/W4411558490","https://openalex.org/W4412781201"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Children":[0],"increasingly":[1],"interact":[2],"with":[3,56,88,138],"generative":[4],"AI":[5,69,116,120],"systems":[6],"that":[7],"can":[8],"produce":[9],"hallucinated":[10],"content,":[11],"potentially":[12],"reinforcing":[13],"misconceptions":[14],"and":[15,25,31,50,73,86,102,107,135],"undermining":[16],"critical":[17],"thinking":[18],"skills.":[19],"We":[20,39],"investigate":[21],"how":[22],"children":[23],"detect":[24],"respond":[26],"to":[27],"hallucinations":[28],"while":[29],"building":[30,76],"testing":[32],"LLM-powered":[33],"chatbots":[34],"in":[35,68,75,126],"a":[36,54,103],"development":[37,128],"environment.":[38],"integrated":[40],"hallucination-awareness":[41],"scaffolds":[42,131],"such":[43],"as":[44],"confidence":[45,74],"indicators,":[46],"fact-checking,":[47],"repeated":[48],"questioning,":[49],"model":[51],"comparison.":[52],"Through":[53],"study":[55],"48":[57],"middle":[58],"school":[59],"learners":[60],"aged":[61],"10-14,":[62],"participants":[63],"showed":[64],"significant":[65],"pre-to-post":[66],"gains":[67],"knowledge,":[70],"hallucination":[71],"awareness,":[72],"trustworthy":[77],"chatbots.":[78],"They":[79],"developed":[80],"multi-layered":[81],"strategies,":[82],"including":[83],"probing":[84],"inconsistencies":[85],"cross-checking":[87],"external":[89],"sources.":[90],"Key":[91],"challenges":[92],"included":[93],"over-reliance":[94],"on":[95],"visible":[96],"cues,":[97],"fragmented":[98],"use":[99],"of":[100],"scaffolds,":[101],"tension":[104],"between":[105],"creativity":[106,137],"reliability.":[108],"These":[109],"findings":[110],"highlight":[111],"design":[112],"implications":[113],"for":[114,118],"children\u2019s":[115],"literacy":[117],"responsible":[119],"development:":[121],"supporting":[122],"proactive,":[123],"iterative":[124],"engagement":[125],"the":[127],"cycle,":[129],"integrating":[130],"into":[132],"coherent":[133],"workflows,":[134],"balancing":[136],"accuracy.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-04-14T00:00:00"}