{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154158774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791463","title":"Who Is At Risk? Examining the Prevalence of Digital-Safety Attacks and Contextual Risk Factors in the United States","display_name":"Who Is At Risk? Examining the Prevalence of Digital-Safety Attacks and Contextual Risk Factors in the United States","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154158774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791463"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3791463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791463","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791463","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022886856","display_name":"Sharon Heung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1147-301X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharon Heung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, New York, New York, USA and Information Science, Cornell Tech, New York, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1147-301X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, New York, New York, USA and Information Science, Cornell Tech, New York, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025239222","display_name":"Claire Florence Weizenegger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claire Florence Weizenegger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, New York, New York, USA and Human Centered Design and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3522-9254","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, New York, New York, USA and Human Centered Design and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024314064","display_name":"Mo Houtti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0902-0940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mo Houtti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science & Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0902-0940","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063188030","display_name":"Sunny Consolvo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-328X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunny Consolvo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-328X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018021084","display_name":"Patrick Gage Kelley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-0010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Gage Kelley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, New York City, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4405-0010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, New York City, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079464055","display_name":"Tara Matthews","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4805-8339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tara Matthews","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Mountain View, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4805-8339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Mountain View, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063334612","display_name":"Renee Shelby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4720-3844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renee Shelby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google Research, San Francisco, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4720-3844","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google Research, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024050018","display_name":"Kurt Thomas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3762-5851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kurt Thomas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, San Francisco, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3762-5851","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026643760","display_name":"Ashley Marie Walker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0389-3527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashley Marie Walker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, New York, New York, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0389-3527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, New York, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60005999,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.5353000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.5353000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.24969999492168427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13582","display_name":"Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment","score":0.07970000058412552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychological-intervention","display_name":"Psychological intervention","score":0.5896999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-property","display_name":"Qualitative property","score":0.4023999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-analysis","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","score":0.3928999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.34150001406669617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.5896999835968018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.4025000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.4023999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","level":3,"score":0.3928999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71611378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165191","display_name":"Contextual design","level":3,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95986675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185168","display_name":"Quantitative analysis (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.31949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163355716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154783","display_name":"Risk perception","level":3,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781175729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315823","display_name":"Resource distribution","level":3,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994008635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730675","display_name":"Quantitative methodology","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.26589998602867126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3791463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791463","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3791463","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791463","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1119960297","https://openalex.org/W1598290910","https://openalex.org/W2027990744","https://openalex.org/W2077168688","https://openalex.org/W2140792995","https://openalex.org/W2167194326","https://openalex.org/W2197221696","https://openalex.org/W2537669654","https://openalex.org/W2610906739","https://openalex.org/W2762667264","https://openalex.org/W2794788302","https://openalex.org/W2795566406","https://openalex.org/W2795909404","https://openalex.org/W2796063124","https://openalex.org/W2894618776","https://openalex.org/W2902055669","https://openalex.org/W2911428659","https://openalex.org/W2940734236","https://openalex.org/W2940748130","https://openalex.org/W3029033563","https://openalex.org/W3030249566","https://openalex.org/W3048560297","https://openalex.org/W3087622653","https://openalex.org/W3096081831","https://openalex.org/W3124896223","https://openalex.org/W3125759795","https://openalex.org/W3154463802","https://openalex.org/W3156633710","https://openalex.org/W3191136298","https://openalex.org/W3196190653","https://openalex.org/W4225082379","https://openalex.org/W4225094305","https://openalex.org/W4225108620","https://openalex.org/W4283322508","https://openalex.org/W4288057711","https://openalex.org/W4307136778","https://openalex.org/W4318621026","https://openalex.org/W4366084029","https://openalex.org/W4366547782","https://openalex.org/W4366550100","https://openalex.org/W4366550307","https://openalex.org/W4396241564","https://openalex.org/W4396832054","https://openalex.org/W4396832472","https://openalex.org/W4402288686","https://openalex.org/W4407405948","https://openalex.org/W4409720391","https://openalex.org/W4409883987","https://openalex.org/W4410539186"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"growing":[1],"body":[2],"of":[3,15,22,29,64,88,101,115],"qualitative":[4,109],"research":[5],"has":[6],"identified":[7],"contextual":[8,83,142],"risk":[9,31,84,143],"factors":[10,32,117,144],"that":[11],"elevate":[12],"people\u2019s":[13],"chances":[14],"experiencing":[16,102],"digital-safety":[17,68,139],"attacks.":[18,105],"However,":[19],"the":[20,26,56,62,116,119,133],"lack":[21],"quantitative":[23,136],"data":[24],"on":[25],"population-level":[27],"distribution":[28],"these":[30,78],"prevents":[33],"policymakers":[34],"and":[35,65,75,145],"tech":[36],"companies":[37],"from":[38],"developing":[39],"targeted,":[40],"evidence-based":[41],"interventions":[42],"to":[43,59,111],"improve":[44],"digital":[45],"safety.":[46],"To":[47],"address":[48],"this":[49],"gap,":[50],"we":[51],"surveyed":[52],"5,001":[53],"adults":[54],"in":[55,127],"United":[57],"States":[58],"analyze:":[60],"(1)":[61],"frequency":[63],"relationship":[66],"between":[67],"attacks":[69,79,140],"(e.g.,":[70,122],"scams,":[71],"harassment,":[72],"account":[73],"hacking),":[74],"(2)":[76],"how":[77],"align":[80],"with":[81,98,141],"10":[82],"factors.":[85],"Nearly":[86],"half":[87],"our":[89,113],"respondents":[90],"identify":[91],"as":[92],"resource":[93],"constrained,":[94],"which":[95],"significantly":[96],"correlates":[97],"higher":[99],"likelihood":[100],"four":[103],"common":[104],"We":[106],"also":[107],"present":[108],"insights":[110],"expand":[112],"understanding":[114],"beyond":[118],"existing":[120],"literature":[121],"\u201cprominence\u201d":[123],"included":[124],"high-visibility":[125],"roles":[126],"local":[128],"communities).":[129],"This":[130],"study":[131],"provides":[132],"first":[134],"large-scale":[135],"analysis":[137],"correlating":[138],"demographics.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-14T00:00:00"}