{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154149319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791429","title":"Beyond Technical Metrics: Understanding the Gap Between AI Performance and Deaf User Experience in Chinese Natural Sign Language Generation","display_name":"Beyond Technical Metrics: Understanding the Gap Between AI Performance and Deaf User Experience in Chinese Natural Sign Language Generation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154149319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791429"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3791429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791429","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791429","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8981-2862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8981-2862","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041210883","display_name":"Hui Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1077-1322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1077-1322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yurun He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1358-0132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yurun He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1358-0132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiahui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7454-3257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194450716","display_name":"Jilin University","ror":"https://ror.org/00js3aw79","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jilin University, Changchun, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7454-3257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jilin University, Changchun, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194450716"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.6492999792098999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.6492999792098999,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.3224000036716461,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.006899999920278788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.7347999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.5913000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language","display_name":"Sign language","score":0.5774000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.47290000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deaf-education","display_name":"Deaf education","score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.3928999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-interpretation","display_name":"Language interpretation","score":0.38690000772476196}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.7347999811172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.5913000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.5774000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5372999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.47290000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.45509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781296696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430964","display_name":"Deaf education","level":3,"score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.3928999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72280650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210439","display_name":"Language interpretation","level":3,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201025465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11248500","display_name":"User experience design","level":2,"score":0.38280001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.37070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.3515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778883600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2390977","display_name":"Language proficiency","level":2,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71750763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646164","display_name":"General partnership","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3791429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791429","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3791429","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791429","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.40577995777130127,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W214995755","https://openalex.org/W1274426204","https://openalex.org/W1951724000","https://openalex.org/W1972978214","https://openalex.org/W1977975385","https://openalex.org/W1991209085","https://openalex.org/W1993828441","https://openalex.org/W1995857615","https://openalex.org/W2032869597","https://openalex.org/W2058868256","https://openalex.org/W2087484885","https://openalex.org/W2133597834","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2137070227","https://openalex.org/W2143177362","https://openalex.org/W2143842913","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2162298316","https://openalex.org/W2166552651","https://openalex.org/W2559085405","https://openalex.org/W2758950307","https://openalex.org/W2794258710","https://openalex.org/W2797342177","https://openalex.org/W2904407387","https://openalex.org/W2933008999","https://openalex.org/W2958162958","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2963532001","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W2984369643","https://openalex.org/W2984529706","https://openalex.org/W3030212040","https://openalex.org/W3034765865","https://openalex.org/W3048710353","https://openalex.org/W3168702146","https://openalex.org/W3173290664","https://openalex.org/W3206301866","https://openalex.org/W4211252605","https://openalex.org/W4239333671","https://openalex.org/W4250626195","https://openalex.org/W4255375128","https://openalex.org/W4312262410","https://openalex.org/W4362586155","https://openalex.org/W4386075829","https://openalex.org/W4386498661","https://openalex.org/W4390190222","https://openalex.org/W4390873054","https://openalex.org/W4393148714","https://openalex.org/W4396612946","https://openalex.org/W4400526836","https://openalex.org/W4402683877","https://openalex.org/W4402753907","https://openalex.org/W4409719850","https://openalex.org/W4409736339","https://openalex.org/W4409749397","https://openalex.org/W7131799090"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Current":[0],"sign":[1],"language":[2],"generation":[3,38],"relies":[4],"on":[5],"technical":[6,79],"metrics":[7,80],"that":[8,77,101],"often":[9],"overlook":[10],"capturing":[11],"actual":[12],"Deaf":[13,54,74,140],"user":[14,109],"comprehension.":[15],"This":[16],"is":[17],"particularly":[18,93],"challenging":[19],"for":[20,94],"Chinese":[21],"Natural":[22],"Sign":[23],"Language":[24],"(CNSL)":[25],"with":[26,52,66,72,108],"its":[27],"scene-dependent":[28],"expressions":[29],"and":[30,89,124],"spatial":[31,96],"grammar.":[32,97],"We":[33],"assembled":[34],"a":[35,46,58],"scene-aware":[36],"CNSL":[37],"prototype":[39],"using":[40],"established":[41],"components":[42],"to":[43],"serve":[44],"as":[45],"controlled":[47],"evaluation":[48,60,71,103],"stimulus.":[49],"In":[50],"partnership":[51],"four":[53],"co-researchers,":[55],"we":[56],"developed":[57],"seven-dimensional":[59],"framework":[61,112],"combining":[62],"objective":[63,83],"comprehension":[64,84,88],"tests":[65,85],"validated":[67],"subjective":[68],"measures.":[69],"An":[70],"24":[73],"participants":[75],"revealed":[76],"while":[78],"indicated":[81],"success,":[82],"showed":[86],"lower":[87],"higher":[90],"cognitive":[91,122],"load,":[92,123],"complex":[95],"These":[98],"results":[99],"demonstrate":[100],"current":[102],"methods":[104],"do":[105],"not":[106],"align":[107],"needs.":[110],"Our":[111],"shifts":[113],"from":[114],"computer":[115],"benchmarking":[116],"toward":[117],"human-centered":[118],"assessment,":[119],"prioritizing":[120],"comprehension,":[121],"cultural":[125],"authenticity.":[126],"The":[127],"findings":[128],"underscore":[129],"the":[130],"importance":[131],"of":[132],"creating":[133],"accessibility":[134],"technology":[135],"with,":[136],"rather":[137],"than":[138],"for,":[139],"communities.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2026-04-14T00:00:00"}
