{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154135131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791338","title":"Game-Based and Gamified Robotics Education: A Comparative Systematic Review and Design Guidelines","display_name":"Game-Based and Gamified Robotics Education: A Comparative Systematic Review and Design Guidelines","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154135131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791338"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3791338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791338","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791338","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010724541","display_name":"Syed T. Mubarrat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9702-8901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Tanzim Mubarrat","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9702-8901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124820315","display_name":"Byung-Cheol Min","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byung-Cheol Min","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA and Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6458-4365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA and Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124857010","display_name":"Tianyu Shao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyu Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7236-0357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054272726","display_name":"E. Cho Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7817-690X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Cho Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7817-690X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061742294","display_name":"Bed\u0159ich Bene\u0161","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-2112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bedrich Benes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5293-2112","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076133727","display_name":"Alejandra J. Magana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6117-7502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alejandra Magana","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA and School of Engineering Education, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indian, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6117-7502","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA and School of Engineering Education, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indian, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032128882","display_name":"Christos Mousas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-7959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Mousas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0955-7959","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied and Creative Computing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021762095","display_name":"Dominic Kao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7732-6258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominic Kao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Data Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7732-6258","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Data Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.015,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98995845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"26"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.8647000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.8647000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.08479999750852585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11299","display_name":"Problem and Project Based Learning","score":0.004800000227987766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.8323000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-robotics","display_name":"Educational robotics","score":0.4666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-thinking","display_name":"Computational thinking","score":0.33730000257492065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.8323000073432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7071999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5033000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183889225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341299","display_name":"Educational robotics","level":4,"score":0.4666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.3993000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3792000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780368719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157342","display_name":"Computational thinking","level":2,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3231000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3791338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791338","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2601.22199","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.22199","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2601.22199","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3791338","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3791338","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7020888328552246,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G422827220","display_name":"CAREER: Broadening Participation in Computing through Virtual Identities","funder_award_id":"2338122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5110478246","display_name":"CAREER: Broadening Participation in Computing through Virtual Identities","funder_award_id":"2548701","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":140,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W785546435","https://openalex.org/W1495524046","https://openalex.org/W1519406596","https://openalex.org/W1632769562","https://openalex.org/W1963690780","https://openalex.org/W1968627371","https://openalex.org/W1970332800","https://openalex.org/W1997611643","https://openalex.org/W2008799189","https://openalex.org/W2023718959","https://openalex.org/W2047697290","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2062081178","https://openalex.org/W2064491933","https://openalex.org/W2079172301","https://openalex.org/W2099460238","https://openalex.org/W2141846678","https://openalex.org/W2144049026","https://openalex.org/W2151277599","https://openalex.org/W2273981399","https://openalex.org/W2294857847","https://openalex.org/W2407401518","https://openalex.org/W2413609460","https://openalex.org/W2468518589","https://openalex.org/W2494874597","https://openalex.org/W2505661693","https://openalex.org/W2521048816","https://openalex.org/W2525568856","https://openalex.org/W2531269403","https://openalex.org/W2531338250","https://openalex.org/W2535446351","https://openalex.org/W2540637920","https://openalex.org/W2548315735","https://openalex.org/W2555201331","https://openalex.org/W2613581635","https://openalex.org/W2617241413","https://openalex.org/W2617483274","https://openalex.org/W2624977665","https://openalex.org/W2733643011","https://openalex.org/W2734421922","https://openalex.org/W2766812261","https://openalex.org/W2770107369","https://openalex.org/W2804849034","https://openalex.org/W2808121862","https://openalex.org/W2811233214","https://openalex.org/W2883095708","https://openalex.org/W2885869279","https://openalex.org/W2895835365","https://openalex.org/W2897024105","https://openalex.org/W2898993963","https://openalex.org/W2900456108","https://openalex.org/W2903504141","https://openalex.org/W2905346441","https://openalex.org/W2911850149","https://openalex.org/W2918233081","https://openalex.org/W2923928765","https://openalex.org/W2944734224","https://openalex.org/W2944923408","https://openalex.org/W2947185692","https://openalex.org/W2951672997","https://openalex.org/W2954030528","https://openalex.org/W2968628489","https://openalex.org/W2970684805","https://openalex.org/W2972195467","https://openalex.org/W2973608166","https://openalex.org/W2983324863","https://openalex.org/W2995065029","https://openalex.org/W2997170412","https://openalex.org/W2999191972","https://openalex.org/W3007172326","https://openalex.org/W3011738021","https://openalex.org/W3020104005","https://openalex.org/W3025515774","https://openalex.org/W3028623088","https://openalex.org/W3037434889","https://openalex.org/W3037743369","https://openalex.org/W3047426053","https://openalex.org/W3093867020","https://openalex.org/W3111299915","https://openalex.org/W3112362235","https://openalex.org/W3113320584","https://openalex.org/W3118385276","https://openalex.org/W3129372373","https://openalex.org/W3131594062","https://openalex.org/W3132589942","https://openalex.org/W3152945947","https://openalex.org/W3157275351","https://openalex.org/W3157925442","https://openalex.org/W3163728437","https://openalex.org/W3173459212","https://openalex.org/W3174975607","https://openalex.org/W3186744308","https://openalex.org/W3199802981","https://openalex.org/W3206259175","https://openalex.org/W3212459961","https://openalex.org/W3212608183","https://openalex.org/W3215313939","https://openalex.org/W3217579599","https://openalex.org/W4200315572","https://openalex.org/W4205265152","https://openalex.org/W4210371640","https://openalex.org/W4240912028","https://openalex.org/W4280522822","https://openalex.org/W4280560271","https://openalex.org/W4283464230","https://openalex.org/W4285135198","https://openalex.org/W4285189242","https://openalex.org/W4293791925","https://openalex.org/W4294214797","https://openalex.org/W4300238312","https://openalex.org/W4300533153","https://openalex.org/W4319589203","https://openalex.org/W4366515955","https://openalex.org/W4381189713","https://openalex.org/W4383616402","https://openalex.org/W4383616880","https://openalex.org/W4386005109","https://openalex.org/W4386478276","https://openalex.org/W4387303231","https://openalex.org/W4387319286","https://openalex.org/W4387319287","https://openalex.org/W4387891434","https://openalex.org/W4388449427","https://openalex.org/W4388669961","https://openalex.org/W4389332413","https://openalex.org/W4391437137","https://openalex.org/W4391805385","https://openalex.org/W4391912519","https://openalex.org/W4392737014","https://openalex.org/W4394966949","https://openalex.org/W4394980816","https://openalex.org/W4399266860","https://openalex.org/W4399416134","https://openalex.org/W4399862082","https://openalex.org/W4400510519","https://openalex.org/W4401286576","https://openalex.org/W4401312686","https://openalex.org/W4403443507","https://openalex.org/W4406167022","https://openalex.org/W4406470599"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Robotics":[0],"education":[1],"fosters":[2],"computational":[3],"thinking,":[4],"creativity,":[5],"and":[6,18,36,41,67,90,101,118,131,138],"problem-solving,":[7],"but":[8],"remains":[9,27],"challenging":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12],"technical":[13],"complexity.":[14],"Game-based":[15],"learning":[16,61,93],"(GBL)":[17],"gamification":[19,42,84],"offer":[20],"engagement":[21],"benefits,":[22],"yet":[23],"their":[24],"comparative":[25,37],"impact":[26],"unclear.":[28],"We":[29,56,126],"present":[30],"the":[31],"first":[32],"PRISMA-aligned":[33],"systematic":[34],"review":[35],"synthesis":[38],"of":[39,107],"GBL":[40],"in":[43,80],"robotics":[44,144],"education,":[45],"analyzing":[46],"95":[47],"studies":[48],"from":[49],"12,485":[50],"records":[51],"across":[52],"four":[53],"databases":[54],"(2014\u20132025).":[55],"coded":[57],"each":[58],"study\u2019s":[59],"approach,":[60],"context,":[62],"skill":[63],"level,":[64],"modality,":[65],"pedagogy,":[66],"outcomes":[68],"(\u03ba":[69],"=.918).":[70],"Three":[71],"patterns":[72],"emerged:":[73],"(1)":[74],"approach\u2013context\u2013pedagogy":[75],"coupling":[76],"(GBL":[77],"more":[78],"prevalent":[79],"informal":[81],"settings,":[82],"while":[83],"dominated":[85],"formal":[86],"classrooms":[87],"[p":[88,94],"<.001]":[89],"favored":[91],"project-based":[92],"=.009]);":[95],"(2)":[96],"emphasis":[97],"on":[98,124],"introductory":[99],"programming":[100],"modular":[102],"kits,":[103],"with":[104],"limited":[105],"adoption":[106],"advanced":[108,111],"software":[109],"(~17%),":[110],"hardware":[112],"(~5%),":[113],"or":[114],"immersive":[115],"technologies":[116],"(~22%);":[117],"(3)":[119],"short":[120],"study":[121],"horizons,":[122],"relying":[123],"self-report.":[125],"propose":[127],"eight":[128],"research":[129],"directions":[130],"a":[132],"design":[133],"space":[134],"outlining":[135],"best":[136],"practices":[137],"pitfalls,":[139],"offering":[140],"actionable":[141],"guidance":[142],"for":[143],"education.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2026-04-14T00:00:00"}