{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154157037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790935","title":"AmIWrite: Exploring Scalable One-on-One Handwriting-Based Tutoring for Mathematical Problem-Solving with an LLM-Powered AI Tutor","display_name":"AmIWrite: Exploring Scalable One-on-One Handwriting-Based Tutoring for Mathematical Problem-Solving with an LLM-Powered AI Tutor","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154157037","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790935"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3790935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790935","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790935","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069580353","display_name":"Ziyi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1270-2734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ziyi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1270-2734","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052723092","display_name":"Yuzhao Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuzhao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6196-1176","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133537593","display_name":"Haoyu Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0762-3910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyu Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["purdue university, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0762-3910","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"purdue university, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023137810","display_name":"Runlin Duan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8256-6419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runlin Duan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering,C Design Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8256-6419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering,C Design Lab, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034027961","display_name":"Zhengzhe Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9935-0518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengzhe Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9935-0518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055645530","display_name":"Xiyun Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9497-6925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiyun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9497-6925","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059999110","display_name":"Kylie Peppler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5472-4974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140791","display_name":"Irvine University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ysmca02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kylie Peppler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informatics and Education, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5472-4974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics and Education, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578","https://openalex.org/I4210140791"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Karthik Ramani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8639-5135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karthik Ramani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8639-5135","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069580353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82778854,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.6320000290870667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.6320000290870667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10130","display_name":"Mathematics Education and Teaching Techniques","score":0.0357000008225441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13523","display_name":"Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing","score":0.03359999880194664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutor","display_name":"TUTOR","score":0.8550999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5995000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-tutoring-system","display_name":"Intelligent tutoring system","score":0.47519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.44769999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalized-learning","display_name":"Personalized learning","score":0.4117000102996826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.8550999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7483000159263611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5995000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779336797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055492","display_name":"Intelligent tutoring system","level":2,"score":0.47519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.44769999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.42399999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142039133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3620943","display_name":"Personalized learning","level":5,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3797000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779119418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166039","display_name":"Serendipity","level":2,"score":0.3765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179748633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7160411","display_name":"Peer tutor","level":2,"score":0.314300000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.30640000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3790935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790935","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3790935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790935","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8135114312171936}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":101,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41776400","https://openalex.org/W140539764","https://openalex.org/W178425693","https://openalex.org/W1523603634","https://openalex.org/W1967661515","https://openalex.org/W1970295032","https://openalex.org/W1974219072","https://openalex.org/W1990100773","https://openalex.org/W1990134054","https://openalex.org/W1990614940","https://openalex.org/W1992220656","https://openalex.org/W1996734935","https://openalex.org/W2015289523","https://openalex.org/W2033584730","https://openalex.org/W2042363242","https://openalex.org/W2051339053","https://openalex.org/W2056003629","https://openalex.org/W2057393928","https://openalex.org/W2061731700","https://openalex.org/W2062054461","https://openalex.org/W2085869407","https://openalex.org/W2092749616","https://openalex.org/W2095632701","https://openalex.org/W2098561057","https://openalex.org/W2100757236","https://openalex.org/W2101026866","https://openalex.org/W2101623580","https://openalex.org/W2121477371","https://openalex.org/W2128784470","https://openalex.org/W2129797004","https://openalex.org/W2129967160","https://openalex.org/W2131892368","https://openalex.org/W2140615673","https://openalex.org/W2150794602","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2167602294","https://openalex.org/W2168337370","https://openalex.org/W2172010324","https://openalex.org/W2345139115","https://openalex.org/W2555043949","https://openalex.org/W2748490932","https://openalex.org/W2763141089","https://openalex.org/W2785428417","https://openalex.org/W2890026975","https://openalex.org/W2891628559","https://openalex.org/W2892786865","https://openalex.org/W2898960233","https://openalex.org/W2935844646","https://openalex.org/W2985804086","https://openalex.org/W2994970849","https://openalex.org/W3002947507","https://openalex.org/W3003695599","https://openalex.org/W3035055251","https://openalex.org/W3122578084","https://openalex.org/W3126850127","https://openalex.org/W3140559152","https://openalex.org/W3174839757","https://openalex.org/W4224505411","https://openalex.org/W4225081833","https://openalex.org/W4226155525","https://openalex.org/W4232422811","https://openalex.org/W4238365634","https://openalex.org/W4309674289","https://openalex.org/W4313443240","https://openalex.org/W4318687074","https://openalex.org/W4319778584","https://openalex.org/W4323051722","https://openalex.org/W4323354591","https://openalex.org/W4324046518","https://openalex.org/W4381741632","https://openalex.org/W4385473809","https://openalex.org/W4385634280","https://openalex.org/W4386223224","https://openalex.org/W4386615720","https://openalex.org/W4387918216","https://openalex.org/W4388523424","https://openalex.org/W4388872004","https://openalex.org/W4389057283","https://openalex.org/W4389518941","https://openalex.org/W4389925343","https://openalex.org/W4391261647","https://openalex.org/W4392619684","https://openalex.org/W4396832085","https://openalex.org/W4396832972","https://openalex.org/W4396833067","https://openalex.org/W4396906169","https://openalex.org/W4399197929","https://openalex.org/W4399790131","https://openalex.org/W4405064633","https://openalex.org/W4409720184","https://openalex.org/W4410219381","https://openalex.org/W4410636983","https://openalex.org/W4412585334","https://openalex.org/W4413847487","https://openalex.org/W4415003528","https://openalex.org/W4415796803","https://openalex.org/W4415981572","https://openalex.org/W4416035276","https://openalex.org/W7084032685","https://openalex.org/W7084077715","https://openalex.org/W7084149504"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Real-time":[0],"handwriting":[1,79],"interactions":[2,80],"between":[3],"tutors":[4,8,36],"and":[5,16,45,131],"students":[6],"\u2014where":[7],"observe":[9],"individual":[10],"problem-solving":[11,74],"processes,":[12],"provide":[13],"personalized":[14,31],"annotations,":[15],"adapt":[17],"explanations":[18],"based":[19],"on":[20,43,81,108],"students\u2019":[21],"work\u2014are":[22],"fundamental":[23],"to":[24,40,51,103],"effective":[25],"STEM":[26,140],"tutoring.":[27,141],"However,":[28],"scaling":[29],"such":[30],"handwriting-based":[32,128],"tutoring":[33,70,130],"remains":[34],"challenging\u2014human":[35],"cannot":[37],"be":[38],"available":[39],"every":[41],"student":[42],"demand,":[44],"current":[46],"online":[47],"platforms":[48],"often":[49],"fail":[50],"recreate":[52],"equivalent":[53],"learning":[54],"experiences.":[55],"As":[56],"an":[57,67],"initial":[58],"step":[59],"toward":[60,136],"tackling":[61],"this":[62],"challenge,":[63],"we":[64],"present":[65],"AmIWrite,":[66],"LLM-powered":[68],"AI":[69,106,120],"system":[71],"for":[72],"mathematical":[73],"that":[75],"provides":[76],"real-time":[77],"co-speech":[78],"tablet":[82],"devices,":[83],"instantiated":[84],"here":[85],"as":[86],"a":[87,95,104,118,133],"case":[88,114],"study":[89,97,115],"in":[90],"linear":[91,110],"algebra.":[92],"We":[93],"conducted":[94],"within-subjects":[96],"(N":[98],"=":[99],"40)":[100],"comparing":[101],"AmIWrite":[102],"text-based":[105],"tutor":[107,121],"two":[109],"algebra":[111],"topics.":[112],"Our":[113],"demonstrates":[116],"how":[117],"multimodal":[119],"can":[122],"preserve":[123],"the":[124],"pedagogical":[125],"benefits":[126],"of":[127],"math":[129],"offer":[132],"potential":[134],"path":[135],"more":[137],"scalable":[138],"one-on-one":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2026-04-14T00:00:00"}
