{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154177010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790668","title":"WordCraft: Scaffolding the Keyword Method for L2 Vocabulary Learning with Multimodal LLMs","display_name":"WordCraft: Scaffolding the Keyword Method for L2 Vocabulary Learning with Multimodal LLMs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154177010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790668"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3790668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790668","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790668","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113420627","display_name":"Yuheng Shao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuheng Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6991-6427","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Junjie Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6005-7508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6005-7508","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124894476","display_name":"Chaoran Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaoran Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3547-7400","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiyuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1839-2010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiyuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1839-2010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010997229","display_name":"Ziyu Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyu Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Creativity and Art, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0866-690X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Creativity and Art, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yang Ouyang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5841-7659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Ouyang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5841-7659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124933515","display_name":"Qinyi Tao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155796","display_name":"Shanghai Jinyuan Senior High School","ror":"https://ror.org/05g2egb88","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155796"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinyi Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Fengxian Dai Wen Middle School, Shanghai, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7979-747X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Fengxian Dai Wen Middle School, Shanghai, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155796"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Quan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2249-0728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I30809798","display_name":"ShanghaiTech University","ror":"https://ror.org/030bhh786","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2249-0728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I30809798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.5364000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.5364000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.07819999754428864,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.07329999655485153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnemonic","display_name":"Mnemonic","score":0.7303000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formative-assessment","display_name":"Formative assessment","score":0.6155999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memorization","display_name":"Memorization","score":0.597599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5378999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary-learning","display_name":"Vocabulary learning","score":0.4564000070095062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7526000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197792726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191062","display_name":"Mnemonic","level":2,"score":0.7303000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42525527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209955","display_name":"Formative assessment","level":2,"score":0.6155999898910522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30038468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4354775","display_name":"Memorization","level":2,"score":0.597599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5630000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5378999710083008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5235999822616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.478300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984601542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48842322","display_name":"Vocabulary learning","level":3,"score":0.4564000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.3547999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017914614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1860","display_name":"English vocabulary","level":3,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142853389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744778","display_name":"Association (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988412617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7441656","display_name":"Keyword search","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62737587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7939179","display_name":"Vocabulary development","level":3,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3790668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790668","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3790668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790668","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8360963463783264,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":101,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577581905","https://openalex.org/W1963996086","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1981434403","https://openalex.org/W1984983501","https://openalex.org/W2002174228","https://openalex.org/W2002628989","https://openalex.org/W2004805246","https://openalex.org/W2006181802","https://openalex.org/W2010215674","https://openalex.org/W2012796013","https://openalex.org/W2023394508","https://openalex.org/W2025668003","https://openalex.org/W2027870235","https://openalex.org/W2032191478","https://openalex.org/W2041656211","https://openalex.org/W2045025666","https://openalex.org/W2049133515","https://openalex.org/W2059649050","https://openalex.org/W2073712587","https://openalex.org/W2073740513","https://openalex.org/W2075316369","https://openalex.org/W2077565409","https://openalex.org/W2082070244","https://openalex.org/W2087641817","https://openalex.org/W2090391986","https://openalex.org/W2097487946","https://openalex.org/W2113289010","https://openalex.org/W2114282361","https://openalex.org/W2115994290","https://openalex.org/W2132075912","https://openalex.org/W2134294301","https://openalex.org/W2137279628","https://openalex.org/W2140785772","https://openalex.org/W2145280243","https://openalex.org/W2151905266","https://openalex.org/W2153268848","https://openalex.org/W2158654851","https://openalex.org/W2164915153","https://openalex.org/W2394833189","https://openalex.org/W2509117632","https://openalex.org/W2566039338","https://openalex.org/W2586236392","https://openalex.org/W2591795479","https://openalex.org/W2625858297","https://openalex.org/W2786277287","https://openalex.org/W2911664431","https://openalex.org/W2919737154","https://openalex.org/W2954735336","https://openalex.org/W3016352887","https://openalex.org/W3034086986","https://openalex.org/W3166983401","https://openalex.org/W3192495122","https://openalex.org/W3203839441","https://openalex.org/W4206292063","https://openalex.org/W4224992743","https://openalex.org/W4225016439","https://openalex.org/W4240290140","https://openalex.org/W4250559972","https://openalex.org/W4251788726","https://openalex.org/W4290961008","https://openalex.org/W4292289324","https://openalex.org/W4293811861","https://openalex.org/W4294750985","https://openalex.org/W4296389945","https://openalex.org/W4362589274","https://openalex.org/W4366590585","https://openalex.org/W4381956177","https://openalex.org/W4386076027","https://openalex.org/W4386730506","https://openalex.org/W4387801070","https://openalex.org/W4389777735","https://openalex.org/W4391188914","https://openalex.org/W4392736278","https://openalex.org/W4393967925","https://openalex.org/W4394582474","https://openalex.org/W4394825032","https://openalex.org/W4396724095","https://openalex.org/W4396822140","https://openalex.org/W4396827250","https://openalex.org/W4396831963","https://openalex.org/W4396832163","https://openalex.org/W4396832813","https://openalex.org/W4396833105","https://openalex.org/W4396833519","https://openalex.org/W4398886010","https://openalex.org/W4408126486","https://openalex.org/W4408614177","https://openalex.org/W4409735902","https://openalex.org/W4409735944","https://openalex.org/W4409736191","https://openalex.org/W4409736325","https://openalex.org/W4409747914","https://openalex.org/W4409748935","https://openalex.org/W4409749281","https://openalex.org/W4409749581","https://openalex.org/W4409823226","https://openalex.org/W4409870672","https://openalex.org/W4409884736","https://openalex.org/W4416035626","https://openalex.org/W7153017623"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Applying":[0],"the":[1,81,107,123,137],"keyword":[2,41,82,108,114],"method":[3,83,109],"for":[4,11],"vocabulary":[5,85,126],"memorization":[6],"remains":[7],"a":[8,62,94],"significant":[9],"challenge":[10],"L1":[12,66],"Chinese\u2013L2":[13],"English":[14,68],"learners.":[15],"They":[16],"frequently":[17],"struggle":[18],"to":[19,32,84],"generate":[20],"phonologically":[21],"appropriate":[22],"keywords,":[23],"construct":[24],"coherent":[25],"associations,":[26],"and":[27,43,70,77,118,147],"create":[28],"vivid":[29],"mental":[30],"imagery":[31],"aid":[33],"long-term":[34],"retention.":[35],"Existing":[36],"approaches,":[37],"including":[38],"fully":[39],"automated":[40],"generation":[42,138],"outcome-oriented":[44],"mnemonic":[45],"aids,":[46],"either":[47],"compromise":[48],"learner":[49],"engagement":[50],"or":[51],"lack":[52],"adequate":[53],"process-oriented":[54],"guidance.":[55],"To":[56],"address":[57],"these":[58,89],"limitations,":[59],"we":[60,91],"conducted":[61],"formative":[63],"study":[64],"with":[65],"Chinese-L2":[67],"learners":[69,112],"educators":[71],"(N=18),":[72],"which":[73],"revealed":[74],"key":[75],"difficulties":[76],"requirements":[78],"in":[79],"applying":[80],"learning.":[86],"Building":[87],"on":[88],"insights,":[90],"introduce":[92],"WordCraft,":[93],"learner-centered":[95],"interactive":[96],"tool":[97],"powered":[98],"by":[99,110],"Multimodal":[100],"Large":[101],"Language":[102],"Models":[103],"(MLLMs).":[104],"WordCraft":[105,133],"scaffolds":[106],"guiding":[111],"through":[113],"selection,":[115],"association":[116],"construction,":[117],"image":[119],"formation,":[120],"thereby":[121],"enhancing":[122],"effectiveness":[124,146],"of":[125,145],"memorization.":[127],"Two":[128],"user":[129],"studies":[130],"demonstrate":[131],"that":[132],"not":[134],"only":[135],"preserves":[136],"effect":[139],"but":[140],"also":[141],"achieves":[142],"high":[143],"levels":[144],"usability.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-04-14T00:00:00"}
