{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154043247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790647","title":"\"Words are not enough\": Examining Emotional Support by Conversational AI for Caregivers","display_name":"\"Words are not enough\": Examining Emotional Support by Conversational AI for Caregivers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154043247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790647"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3790647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790647","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790647","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122090516","display_name":"Melika Vafafar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126193024","display_name":"London Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae33288","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melika Vafafar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Northeastern University London, London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3894-932X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Northeastern University London, London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029989112","display_name":"Sian Joel-Edgar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6812-8348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126193024","display_name":"London Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae33288","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sian Joel-Edgar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Northeastern University London, London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6812-8348","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Northeastern University London, London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054944358","display_name":"Casper Harteveld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8164-0303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Casper Harteveld","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Arts, Media and Design, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8164-0303","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Arts, Media and Design, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125084241","display_name":"Hossein Dabbagh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126193024","display_name":"London Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae33288","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hossein Dabbagh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Philosophy, Northeastern University London, London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9986-2433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Philosophy, Northeastern University London, London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126193024"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023103778","display_name":"Andrew Martin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9445-9151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew K Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom and Kent Medway Medical School, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9445-9151","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom and Kent Medway Medical School, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010062612","display_name":"Chee Siang Ang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1109-9689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I167056439","display_name":"Medway School of Pharmacy","ror":"https://ror.org/00fa9v295","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I167056439"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","display_name":"University of Kent","ror":"https://ror.org/00xkeyj56","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chee Siang Ang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Kent and Medway Medical School, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom and Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1109-9689","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Kent and Medway Medical School, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom and Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I167056439","https://openalex.org/I20581793"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57474151,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"20"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.8019000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.8019000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.03909999877214432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.028300000354647636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-health","display_name":"Mental health","score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5831000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-intelligence","display_name":"Emotional intelligence","score":0.42340001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empathy","display_name":"Empathy","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isolation","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","score":0.40630000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-support","display_name":"Emotional support","score":0.38519999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-health","display_name":"Emotional health","score":0.35420000553131104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7476000189781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.6040999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5831000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174107131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191591","display_name":"Emotional intelligence","level":2,"score":0.42340001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779885105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182263","display_name":"Empathy","level":2,"score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.40630000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018916638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752118","display_name":"Emotional support","level":3,"score":0.38519999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994086099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Emotional health","level":3,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143110190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373787","display_name":"Emotional expression","level":2,"score":0.34549999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118057910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373785","display_name":"Emotional competence","level":3,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776893239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778765","display_name":"Social isolation","level":2,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339090","display_name":"Emotion recognition","level":2,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019806175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974939","display_name":"Health professionals","level":3,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778087770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297111","display_name":"Social support","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56995899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1126687","display_name":"Focus group","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992801459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal interaction","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117409633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373756","display_name":"Emotion work","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780829048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1624720","display_name":"Conversation analysis","level":3,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190954187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270587","display_name":"Dialog system","level":3,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523747","display_name":"Expressed emotion","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3790647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790647","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kar.kent.ac.uk:112980","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790647>)","pdf_url":"https://kar.kent.ac.uk/112980/19/Words%20are%20not%20enough_PUB.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196264","display_name":"Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20581793","host_organization_name":"University of Kent","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20581793"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3790647","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790647","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.5987403392791748,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":108,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534798765","https://openalex.org/W1560978071","https://openalex.org/W1915657809","https://openalex.org/W1976031309","https://openalex.org/W1976129032","https://openalex.org/W1986958797","https://openalex.org/W2008052435","https://openalex.org/W2021542784","https://openalex.org/W2026890119","https://openalex.org/W2033085844","https://openalex.org/W2059221838","https://openalex.org/W2071111596","https://openalex.org/W2082107631","https://openalex.org/W2095028851","https://openalex.org/W2113206581","https://openalex.org/W2116909099","https://openalex.org/W2120771953","https://openalex.org/W2141846678","https://openalex.org/W2143074722","https://openalex.org/W2152329275","https://openalex.org/W2163075480","https://openalex.org/W2166361114","https://openalex.org/W2230730482","https://openalex.org/W2298887234","https://openalex.org/W2329477964","https://openalex.org/W2342407692","https://openalex.org/W2343716522","https://openalex.org/W2583465350","https://openalex.org/W2593655512","https://openalex.org/W2610905833","https://openalex.org/W2759672395","https://openalex.org/W2765413206","https://openalex.org/W2791576456","https://openalex.org/W2793939786","https://openalex.org/W2897362601","https://openalex.org/W2900301332","https://openalex.org/W2902392303","https://openalex.org/W2941540847","https://openalex.org/W2944565731","https://openalex.org/W2973760227","https://openalex.org/W2977987076","https://openalex.org/W2989885192","https://openalex.org/W3007384022","https://openalex.org/W3007811122","https://openalex.org/W3016416279","https://openalex.org/W3021016820","https://openalex.org/W3033222356","https://openalex.org/W3039652712","https://openalex.org/W3082619888","https://openalex.org/W3084379174","https://openalex.org/W3121023433","https://openalex.org/W3125770638","https://openalex.org/W3163286462","https://openalex.org/W3175409998","https://openalex.org/W3195296446","https://openalex.org/W3213204262","https://openalex.org/W3217024779","https://openalex.org/W4200491933","https://openalex.org/W4210468276","https://openalex.org/W4211169049","https://openalex.org/W4223430747","https://openalex.org/W4224293837","https://openalex.org/W4224327103","https://openalex.org/W4225134894","https://openalex.org/W4232826982","https://openalex.org/W4233046855","https://openalex.org/W4243342770","https://openalex.org/W4248588746","https://openalex.org/W4286286614","https://openalex.org/W4299517288","https://openalex.org/W4306632818","https://openalex.org/W4308303206","https://openalex.org/W4311673964","https://openalex.org/W4317936698","https://openalex.org/W4361204821","https://openalex.org/W4366729489","https://openalex.org/W4367019424","https://openalex.org/W4378717183","https://openalex.org/W4378783407","https://openalex.org/W4387934929","https://openalex.org/W4389934892","https://openalex.org/W4391405701","https://openalex.org/W4393085210","https://openalex.org/W4396832352","https://openalex.org/W4396832548","https://openalex.org/W4396832675","https://openalex.org/W4396833709","https://openalex.org/W4400237749","https://openalex.org/W4401479958","https://openalex.org/W4401894356","https://openalex.org/W4402193006","https://openalex.org/W4402324967","https://openalex.org/W4403366590","https://openalex.org/W4403701424","https://openalex.org/W4404333646","https://openalex.org/W4405462596","https://openalex.org/W4406880790","https://openalex.org/W4408121128","https://openalex.org/W4409261444","https://openalex.org/W4409455660","https://openalex.org/W4409735458","https://openalex.org/W4409735949","https://openalex.org/W4409736277","https://openalex.org/W4410192517","https://openalex.org/W4410987424","https://openalex.org/W4411624582","https://openalex.org/W4411849347","https://openalex.org/W4413190709"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Caregivers":[0],"often":[1],"experience":[2],"emotional":[3,21,66,81],"difficulties":[4],"and":[5,36,43,54,101,106,123,128,134],"social":[6],"isolation":[7],"due":[8],"to":[9,19,48,87,125,141],"their":[10],"demanding":[11],"caregiving":[12],"duties.":[13],"Conversational":[14],"AI":[15,63,76,94,117],"has":[16],"the":[17,50,59,113],"potential":[18,51],"provide":[20],"support,":[22,82],"yet":[23],"it":[24],"lacks":[25],"effective":[26],"emotional-regulation":[27],"support.":[28,67],"In":[29],"this":[30,136],"study,":[31],"we":[32],"conducted":[33],"focus":[34],"groups":[35],"semi-structured":[37],"interviews":[38],"with":[39],"mental":[40,119,131],"health":[41,132],"professionals":[42],"caregivers":[44],"(n":[45],"=":[46],"17)":[47],"explore":[49],"benefits,":[52],"challenges,":[53],"concerns":[55],"of":[56,61,115],"users":[57],"on":[58],"applications":[60],"conversational":[62,75],"for":[64,80],"caregivers\u2019":[65,143],"Our":[68],"findings":[69],"suggest":[70],"that,":[71],"while":[72],"current":[73],"text-based":[74],"is":[77,84],"deemed":[78],"valuable":[79],"there":[83],"a":[85,89],"desire":[86],"have":[88],"more":[90],"empathic":[91,116],"AI,":[92],"an":[93],"that":[95],"actively":[96],"listens,":[97],"takes":[98],"cultural,":[99],"religious,":[100],"linguistic":[102],"context":[103],"into":[104],"consideration;":[105],"makes":[107],"humans":[108],"feel":[109],"heard.":[110],"We":[111],"examined":[112],"dimensions":[114],"in":[118],"health,":[120],"from":[121],"authenticity":[122],"trust":[124],"over-reliance,":[126],"misuse,":[127],"even":[129],"exacerbating":[130],"problems,":[133],"how":[135],"can":[137],"potentially":[138],"be":[139],"addressed":[140],"improve":[142],"well-being.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-14T00:00:00"}
