{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7153975964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790318","title":"OpenCD: Empowering Diagnosis of Children's Mathematical Cognition through Open-ended Multimodal Tasks","display_name":"OpenCD: Empowering Diagnosis of Children's Mathematical Cognition through Open-ended Multimodal Tasks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7153975964","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790318"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3790318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790318","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790318","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041402907","display_name":"Zhi Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4391-1747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4391-1747","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chun Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2591-7993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, BNRist, College of AI, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2591-7993","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, BNRist, College of AI, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121466798","display_name":"Weihao Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9261-6545","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133479799","display_name":"Minzheng Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5457-8024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minzheng Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5457-8024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133551965","display_name":"Binglin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9673-5369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binglin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9673-5369","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133504256","display_name":"Jianyang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2952-8925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2952-8925","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133538195","display_name":"Shiyi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0259-6309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiyi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Arts & Design, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0259-6309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Arts & Design, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xutong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6461-5446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xutong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6461-5446","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jie Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-555X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-555X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133487617","display_name":"Yuanchun Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2273-6927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116265982","display_name":"Qinghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/05h33bt13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116265982"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanchun Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China and Qinghai University, Xining, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2273-6927","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, BNRist, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China and Qinghai University, Xining, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089","https://openalex.org/I116265982"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5816855,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.6895999908447266,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.6895999908447266,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10130","display_name":"Mathematics Education and Teaching Techniques","score":0.12800000607967377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.023600000888109207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.6014999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-diagnosis","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-systems","display_name":"Cognitive systems","score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.3709000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socio-cognitive","display_name":"Socio-cognitive","score":0.32919999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.6014999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5950999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4462999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4002000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986342778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Cognitive systems","level":3,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.3709000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.34049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201770970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143093","display_name":"Socio-cognitive","level":3,"score":0.32919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.29820001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106624574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5270387","display_name":"Diagrammatic reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161407221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382939","display_name":"Cognitive model","level":3,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66024118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122506","display_name":"Computational model","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3790318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790318","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3772318.3790318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3772318.3790318","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.899278461933136,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1537666025","https://openalex.org/W1955103787","https://openalex.org/W1965111231","https://openalex.org/W1967555382","https://openalex.org/W1979004942","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1987868810","https://openalex.org/W1988709327","https://openalex.org/W2020717472","https://openalex.org/W2032196293","https://openalex.org/W2039681496","https://openalex.org/W2043608708","https://openalex.org/W2051339053","https://openalex.org/W2054855387","https://openalex.org/W2094630908","https://openalex.org/W2119270667","https://openalex.org/W2124031246","https://openalex.org/W2135995390","https://openalex.org/W2143074722","https://openalex.org/W2154041216","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2160920329","https://openalex.org/W2162641914","https://openalex.org/W2241935367","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2520384474","https://openalex.org/W2611959673","https://openalex.org/W2795530988","https://openalex.org/W2887912310","https://openalex.org/W2915555073","https://openalex.org/W2917204536","https://openalex.org/W2922112975","https://openalex.org/W2942444880","https://openalex.org/W2952696298","https://openalex.org/W2966032592","https://openalex.org/W2970837303","https://openalex.org/W2981638225","https://openalex.org/W2982915530","https://openalex.org/W2999765337","https://openalex.org/W3017131514","https://openalex.org/W3031030691","https://openalex.org/W3034917890","https://openalex.org/W3047533084","https://openalex.org/W3096972338","https://openalex.org/W3135766274","https://openalex.org/W3156222574","https://openalex.org/W3159250634","https://openalex.org/W3162924094","https://openalex.org/W3173628501","https://openalex.org/W3180481785","https://openalex.org/W3200351420","https://openalex.org/W3203321135","https://openalex.org/W4212844288","https://openalex.org/W4238998169","https://openalex.org/W4253892544","https://openalex.org/W4285792309","https://openalex.org/W4288083705","https://openalex.org/W4290994954","https://openalex.org/W4292793914","https://openalex.org/W4309674289","https://openalex.org/W4312549720","https://openalex.org/W4320853676","https://openalex.org/W4321441989","https://openalex.org/W4385473809","https://openalex.org/W4392097863","https://openalex.org/W4392297945","https://openalex.org/W4396802056","https://openalex.org/W4396815003","https://openalex.org/W4396832085","https://openalex.org/W4396833177","https://openalex.org/W4396833552","https://openalex.org/W4399753334","https://openalex.org/W4401684283","https://openalex.org/W4403333866","https://openalex.org/W4403334250","https://openalex.org/W4407632344","https://openalex.org/W4409720184","https://openalex.org/W4409736023","https://openalex.org/W4409736075","https://openalex.org/W4409736269","https://openalex.org/W4409747868","https://openalex.org/W4409766750","https://openalex.org/W4409885603","https://openalex.org/W4411336031","https://openalex.org/W4412157240","https://openalex.org/W4413968570","https://openalex.org/W6948369276"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Assessing":[0],"children\u2019s":[1],"cognitive":[2,46],"development":[3],"in":[4],"early":[5],"mathematics":[6],"is":[7],"vital":[8],"for":[9,58,141],"effective":[10],"teaching.":[11],"Compared":[12],"to":[13,19,30,35,43,72,88,98,137],"closed-ended":[14],"questions,":[15],"which":[16],"may":[17],"fail":[18],"capture":[20,73],"nuanced":[21],"developmental":[22],"spectrum,":[23],"open-ended":[24],"elicitation":[25],"tasks":[26],"(e.g.,":[27],"asking":[28],"students":[29],"manipulate":[31],"objects":[32],"or":[33],"draw":[34],"represent":[36],"numbers)":[37],"serve":[38],"as":[39],"a":[40,63,105,117],"promising":[41],"approach":[42],"reveal":[44],"deeper":[45],"processes.":[47],"However,":[48],"their":[49,129],"diverse":[50],"and":[51,85,93,116,127],"unstructured":[52],"nature":[53],"makes":[54],"systematic":[55],"analysis":[56,125],"challenging":[57],"teachers.":[59],"We":[60],"present":[61],"OpenCD,":[62],"teacher-facing":[64],"system":[65],"that":[66,121],"automatically":[67],"analyzes":[68],"multimodal":[69],"student":[70,132],"responses":[71],"individualized":[74],"insights.":[75],"Based":[76],"on":[77],"Evidence-Centered":[78],"Design,":[79],"it":[80],"combines":[81],"Vision-Language":[82],"Models":[83],"(VLMs)":[84],"expert":[86],"models":[87],"generate":[89],"interactive":[90],"diagnostic":[91],"graphs":[92],"reports":[94],"with":[95],"traceability":[96],"back":[97],"behavioral":[99],"evidence.":[100],"In":[101],"our":[102],"two-part":[103],"evaluation,":[104],"validation":[106],"study":[107,119],"found":[108],"90.3%":[109],"of":[110],"the":[111],"system\u2019s":[112],"diagnoses":[113],"\u201ccompletely":[114],"reasonable,\u201d":[115],"user":[118],"showed":[120],"OpenCD":[122],"reduced":[123],"teachers\u2019":[124],"burden":[126],"enhanced":[128],"insights":[130],"into":[131],"thinking.":[133],"Our":[134],"work":[135],"contributes":[136],"scalable":[138],"process-based":[139],"assessment":[140],"mathematical":[142],"literacy.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-14T00:00:00"}