{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415243194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3771990","title":"TLD-SCA: A Transformer-LSTM Detection Model against Side-Channel Attack in Blockchain Payment Channel","display_name":"TLD-SCA: A Transformer-LSTM Detection Model against Side-Channel Attack in Blockchain Payment Channel","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415243194","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3771990"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3771990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3771990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100455282","display_name":"Tao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1448-3619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139024713","display_name":"Guangdong University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04azbjn80","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202126657","display_name":"Qufu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ceheh96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Key Laboratory of Blockchain Security, Guangzhou University","School of Computer Science, Qufu Normal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1448-3619","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Blockchain Security, Guangzhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139024713"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Qufu Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120022845","display_name":"Fei Qiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202126657","display_name":"Qufu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ceheh96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Qufu Normal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1186-0295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Qufu Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yijia Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3721-0702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202126657","display_name":"Qufu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ceheh96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijia Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Qufu Normal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3721-0702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Qufu Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kui Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8801-0715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202126657","display_name":"Qufu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ceheh96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kui Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Qufu Normal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8801-0715","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Qufu Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018543804","display_name":"Yan Lv","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202126657","display_name":"Qufu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ceheh96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Qufu Normal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0616-2831","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Qufu Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056193377","display_name":"Y. Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202126657","display_name":"Qufu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ceheh96","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Qufu Normal University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4054-0549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Qufu Normal University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202126657"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9389,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81083075,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6704999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.666700005531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.5504999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payment","display_name":"Payment","score":0.5501999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-processing","display_name":"Transaction processing","score":0.4788999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.45750001072883606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6704999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.666700005531311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.5609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5572999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.5565000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.5504999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.5501999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72108876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844565","display_name":"Transaction processing","level":3,"score":0.4788999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.45750001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.3864000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.36579999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.3059000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202424057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1224829","display_name":"Digital Signature Algorithm","level":4,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180073179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3304359","display_name":"Secure channel","level":3,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113954288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186885","display_name":"Timestamp","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178005623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308859","display_name":"Anonymity","level":2,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3771990","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3771990","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S131231701","display_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","issn_l":"1559-1131","issn":["1559-1131","1559-114X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on the Web","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4610424427","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62372266, 62472251","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1689711448","https://openalex.org/W2522718524","https://openalex.org/W2750779823","https://openalex.org/W2895779981","https://openalex.org/W2979650406","https://openalex.org/W2982449400","https://openalex.org/W3019423257","https://openalex.org/W3092310121","https://openalex.org/W3105493346","https://openalex.org/W3170851865","https://openalex.org/W4285237902","https://openalex.org/W4323338673","https://openalex.org/W4380881129","https://openalex.org/W4386526748","https://openalex.org/W4386914058","https://openalex.org/W4389076267","https://openalex.org/W4389805125","https://openalex.org/W4390737701","https://openalex.org/W4390904993","https://openalex.org/W4394896883","https://openalex.org/W4405845642","https://openalex.org/W4408029979","https://openalex.org/W4411232035"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Side-channel":[0],"attack,":[1],"which":[2],"exploits":[3],"time":[4],"information":[5],"leakage":[6],"during":[7],"the":[8,18],"digital":[9],"signature":[10],"generation":[11],"process,":[12],"poses":[13],"a":[14,80,135],"severe":[15],"threat":[16],"to":[17,55],"confidentiality":[19],"and":[20,60,106,130],"integrity":[21],"of":[22,110,125,138],"transactions":[23],"in":[24,67,98,123],"blockchain":[25,142],"payment":[26,143],"channels.":[27,144],"Currently,":[28],"Transformer-based":[29],"detection":[30,69,84],"methods":[31,122],"are":[32],"effective":[33],"at":[34,45],"capturing":[35,99],"long-term":[36,59,105],"dependencies,":[37],"while":[38],"Long":[39],"Short-Term":[40],"Memory":[41],"(LSTM)":[42],"networks":[43],"excel":[44],"modeling":[46,94],"short-term":[47,61,107],"dynamic":[48],"time-series":[49,62,101,108],"features.":[50],"However,":[51],"existing":[52,121],"approaches":[53],"struggle":[54],"uniformly":[56],"model":[57,85],"both":[58],"features,":[63],"limiting":[64],"their":[65],"performance":[66],"anomaly":[68],"for":[70,91,141],"complex":[71],"transaction":[72,111],"sequences.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"article,":[76],"we":[77],"propose":[78],"TLD-SCA,":[79],"novel":[81],"side-channel":[82],"attack":[83],"that":[86,117],"innovatively":[87],"integrates":[88],"Transformer\u2019s":[89],"capability":[90],"global":[92],"dependency":[93],"with":[95],"LSTM\u2019s":[96],"advantage":[97],"local":[100],"dynamics.":[102],"This":[103],"enables":[104],"analysis":[109],"timing":[112],"data.":[113],"Experimental":[114],"results":[115],"demonstrate":[116],"TLD-SCA":[118],"significantly":[119],"outperforms":[120],"terms":[124],"accuracy":[126],"(99.5%),":[127],"precision":[128],"(99.2%),":[129],"recall":[131],"(98.3%),":[132],"thereby":[133],"providing":[134],"higher":[136],"level":[137],"security":[139],"assurance":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-16T00:00:00"}