{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414993639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3771287","title":"EMINEM: Efficient FPGA Implementation of Mixed-RadIx NTT Hardware AccElerators for NIST Post-QuantuM Cryptography F <scp>alcon</scp> , Dilithium, and HAWK","display_name":"EMINEM: Efficient FPGA Implementation of Mixed-RadIx NTT Hardware AccElerators for NIST Post-QuantuM Cryptography F <scp>alcon</scp> , Dilithium, and HAWK","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414993639","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3771287"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3771287","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3771287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019885921","display_name":"Yazheng Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1624-9500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7863295","display_name":"Villanova University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g7kd627","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazheng Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA","Villanova University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1624-9500","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Villanova University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027261160","display_name":"Jiafeng Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4814-1318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7863295","display_name":"Villanova University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g7kd627","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiafeng Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA","Villanova University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4814-1318","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Villanova University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7768,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91765768,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.9377999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.7493000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.73580002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.6471999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.5281999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reconfigurable-computing","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","score":0.41019999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.9377999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8281999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.7493000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.73580002784729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.6471999883651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.5281999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4948999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.4408000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142962650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q240838","display_name":"Reconfigurable computing","level":3,"score":0.41019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108277079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233576","display_name":"Post-quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167615521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048911","display_name":"Elliptic curve cryptography","level":4,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159718280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5526353","display_name":"Gas meter prover","level":3,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3771287","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3771287","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112809824","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","issn_l":"1936-7406","issn":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026935019","https://openalex.org/W2067507719","https://openalex.org/W2069441027","https://openalex.org/W2914539449","https://openalex.org/W2953289753","https://openalex.org/W2995995168","https://openalex.org/W3065439923","https://openalex.org/W3166957364","https://openalex.org/W3216360301","https://openalex.org/W4207043551","https://openalex.org/W4226216812","https://openalex.org/W4285264388","https://openalex.org/W4293143765","https://openalex.org/W4324116664","https://openalex.org/W4384787353","https://openalex.org/W4387129570","https://openalex.org/W4391164410","https://openalex.org/W4393406007","https://openalex.org/W4413023182","https://openalex.org/W6960444712"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,359],"advent":[1],"of":[2,19,111,121,157,233,245,288,301,327,340,350,373],"quantum":[3],"computing":[4],"poses":[5],"a":[6,57,84,155,205,239,264,289,318,363],"significant":[7,364],"threat":[8],"to":[9,183,252,306],"modern":[10],"cryptography.":[11],"To":[12,197],"address":[13],"this":[14,202],"challenge,":[15],"the":[16,26,45,65,70,74,97,103,109,118,133,177,184,199,286,324,328,333,337,348,351,367],"National":[17],"Institute":[18],"Standards":[20],"and":[21,32,60,108,159,175,235,248,275,294,312,321],"Technology":[22],"(NIST)":[23],"has":[24,54,79],"initiated":[25],"Post-Quantum":[27],"Cryptography":[28],"(PQC)":[29],"standardization":[30,47],"process,":[31],"several":[33],"algorithms":[34,141],"have":[35],"been":[36],"selected":[37],"(a":[38],"few":[39],"are":[40,180,304],"still":[41],"under":[42],"consideration":[43],"in":[44,136,343,366],"additional":[46],"process).":[48],"Among":[49],"these":[50,137],"schemes,":[51,346],"lattice-based":[52,139],"PQC":[53,140,374],"emerged":[55],"as":[56,83,100],"promising":[58],"approach":[59,354],"garnered":[61],"substantial":[62],"attention":[63,82],"from":[64,92,96,106],"implementation":[66,320],"community,":[67,99],"especially":[68],"on":[69],"hardware":[71,88,213,281],"platforms.":[72],"Notably,":[73],"Field-Programmable":[75],"Gate":[76],"Array":[77],"(FPGA)":[78],"gained":[80],"considerable":[81],"convenient":[85],"platform":[86],"for":[87,126,150,163,171,215,223,230,243,271,355],"implementation,":[89],"not":[90],"only":[91],"NIST":[93,107,138,216,345],"but":[94],"also":[95],"research":[98,200],"reflected":[101],"by":[102],"related":[104],"recommendations":[105],"number":[110],"works":[112,179],"reported":[113],"recently.":[114],"This":[115],"work":[116],"follows":[117],"existing":[119,178],"trend":[120],"developing":[122],"novel":[123,158,206],"FPGA":[124,371],"implementations":[125],"PQC.":[127],"It":[128],"is":[129,269,283],"worth":[130],"mentioning":[131],"that":[132],"polynomial":[134,164,231],"multiplication":[135,165],"can":[142],"be":[143,194],"implemented":[144],"with":[145,285],"Number":[146],"Theoretic":[147],"Transform":[148],"(NTT)":[149],"efficiency.":[151],"Nevertheless,":[152],"there":[153],"remains":[154],"lack":[156],"universal":[160],"NTT":[161,186,212,244,267,280,342,357],"methods":[162,188],"at":[166,255],"different":[167],"sizes.":[168],"For":[169],"instance,":[170],"\\(n=512\\)":[172],"(F":[173],"alcon":[174],"HAWK),":[176],"mostly":[181],"limited":[182],"Radix-2":[185,353],"(other":[187],"like":[189],"Radix-4":[190,229,254,309],"or":[191],"Radix-8":[192],"cannot":[193],"directly":[195],"applied).":[196],"fill":[198],"gap,":[201],"article":[203],"presents":[204],"design":[207,227,330,361],"framework,":[208],"i.e.,":[209],"Efficient":[210],"Mixed-RadIx":[211],"accElerators":[214],"post-quantuM":[217],"cryptography":[218],"(EMINEM)":[219],",":[220,273],"specially":[221],"tailored":[222],"targeted":[224,344],"schemes.":[225],"Our":[226],"leverages":[228],"sizes":[232],"256":[234],"1,024,":[236],"while":[237],"introducing":[238],"hybrid":[240],"Radix-2/4":[241],"strategy":[242,335],"length":[246],"512":[247],"achieving":[249],"comparable":[250],"performance":[251,326],"pure":[253,308],"other":[256],"lengths.":[257],"In":[258],"total,":[259],"our":[260],"contributions":[261],"include:":[262],"(i)":[263],"generic":[265],"Radix-4/Mixed-Radix":[266],"algorithm":[268],"proposed":[270,329,334,360],"\\(n=256\\)":[272],"512,":[274],"1,024;":[276],"(ii)":[277],"an":[278],"efficient":[279,338,370],"accelerator":[282],"designed":[284],"help":[287],"new":[290],"memory":[291],"access":[292],"pattern":[293],"some":[295],"optimization":[296],"techniques;":[297],"(iii)":[298],"two":[299],"types":[300],"butterfly":[302],"architectures":[303],"developed":[305],"obtain":[307],"time":[310],"complexity":[311],"low":[313],"resource":[314],"usage,":[315],"respectively;":[316],"(iv)":[317],"detailed":[319],"comparison":[322],"showcase":[323],"superior":[325],"strategy.":[331],"Overall,":[332],"enables":[336],"deployment":[339],"Mixed-Radix":[341],"surpassing":[347],"limitations":[349],"conventional":[352],"512-length":[356],"designs.":[358],"offers":[362],"advancement":[365],"field,":[368],"facilitating":[369],"acceleration":[372],"standards.":[375]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T08:27:34.040176","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}