{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405253854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3770854.3783949","title":"ENCO: Deploying Production-Scale Engineering Copilots","display_name":"ENCO: Deploying Production-Scale Engineering Copilots","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405253854","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3770854.3783949"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3770854.3783949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3770854.3783949","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining V.1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3770854.3783949","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101749826","display_name":"Yiwen Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6857-7505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiwen Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, San Francisco, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6857-7505","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, San Francisco, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026054756","display_name":"Mathieu Demarne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9841-2259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathieu Demarne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Redmond, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9841-2259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Redmond, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101428460","display_name":"Kai Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4753-8564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Redmond, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6832-6947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Redmond, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429467","display_name":"Wenjing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4931-8218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Redmond, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2011-9725","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Redmond, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077322486","display_name":"Nutan Sahoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2545-3766"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nutan Sahoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Cambridge, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2545-3766","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Cambridge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115087215","display_name":"Hannah Lerner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannah Lerner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Brooklyn, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4782-654X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Brooklyn, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115087213","display_name":"Anjali Bhavan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153468","display_name":"Microsoft (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/04xhxg104","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210153468"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anjali Bhavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Burnaby, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5736-9533","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Burnaby, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115087214","display_name":"Divya Vermareddy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Divya Vermareddy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Austin, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6019-9573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Austin, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113239318","display_name":"Y. Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4175-0371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunlei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Redmond, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4175-0371","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Redmond, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115087216","display_name":"Swati Bararia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swati Bararia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Redmond, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7021-5143","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Redmond, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082420630","display_name":"William Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2191-3576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9392-6683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100646502","display_name":"Li Xia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3193-7336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xia Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Cambridge, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7223-2164","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Cambridge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025157878","display_name":"Katherine Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8948-7630"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katherine Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Redmond, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0583-7727","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Redmond, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007237367","display_name":"Miso Cilimdzic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2870-6555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110187","display_name":"Microsemi (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01mvkzj41","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110187"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miso Cilimdzic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Aliso Viejo, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2870-6555","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Aliso Viejo, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210110187","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060868585","display_name":"Subru Krishnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8534-0889"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subru Krishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8534-0889","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00383387,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2606","last_page":"2616"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.8985000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.8985000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.8881000280380249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enterprise-management","display_name":"Enterprise management","score":0.48634010553359985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-life-cycle-management","display_name":"Product life-cycle management","score":0.48465782403945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.45720961689949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.42199721932411194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.3516671657562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3314102292060852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32035642862319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1818574070930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.15548816323280334}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987148589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Enterprise management","level":2,"score":0.48634010553359985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7465953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1572577","display_name":"Product life-cycle management","level":2,"score":0.48465782403945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.45720961689949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.42199721932411194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.3516671657562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3314102292060852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32035642862319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1818574070930481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.15548816323280334}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3770854.3783949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3770854.3783949","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining V.1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2412.06099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2412.06099","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2412.06099","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2412.06099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2412.06099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3770854.3783949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3770854.3783949","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining V.1","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3128908425","https://openalex.org/W2144661394","https://openalex.org/W164118282","https://openalex.org/W2047245866","https://openalex.org/W1414604433","https://openalex.org/W57911776","https://openalex.org/W2247680381","https://openalex.org/W1996137866","https://openalex.org/W2391477206","https://openalex.org/W2380046479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"engineers":[1],"frequently":[2],"grapple":[3],"with":[4,61,98],"the":[5,84,95],"challenge":[6],"of":[7,123,125],"accessing":[8],"fragmented":[9],"documentation":[10],"and":[11,23,42,70,79,93,127,145,156],"telemetry":[12],"data,":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"Troubleshooting":[16],"Guides":[17],"(TSGs),":[18],"incident":[19],"reports,":[20],"code":[21],"repositories,":[22],"internal":[24],"tools":[25],"maintained":[26],"by":[27],"different":[28],"teams.":[29],"In":[30],"this":[31],"work,":[32],"we":[33],"introduced":[34],"ENCO,":[35],"a":[36,62],"comprehensive":[37],"framework":[38,55],"for":[39,75],"developing,":[40],"deploying,":[41],"managing":[43],"copilots":[44],"tailored":[45],"to":[46,67,86,101],"improve":[47],"productivity":[48],"in":[49,110,149,152],"large":[50],"scale":[51],"production":[52],"scenarios.":[53],"The":[54,135],"combines":[56],"an":[57],"innovative":[58],"NL2SearchQuery":[59],"module":[60],"lightweight":[63],"hierarchical":[64],"agentic":[65],"planner":[66],"enable":[68],"accurate":[69],"efficient":[71],"retrieval-augmented":[72],"generation":[73],"(RAG)":[74],"code,":[76],"semi-structured":[77],"data":[78],"documents.":[80],"These":[81],"components":[82],"allow":[83],"copilot":[85],"retrieve":[87],"relevant":[88],"information":[89],"from":[90],"diverse":[91],"sources":[92],"invoke":[94],"right":[96],"skills":[97],"low":[99],"latency":[100],"answer":[102],"highly":[103],"complex":[104],"technical":[105],"questions.":[106],"Since":[107],"its":[108,116],"launch":[109],"September":[111],"2023,":[112],"ENCO":[113],"has":[114,137],"demonstrated":[115],"effectiveness":[117],"through":[118],"widespread":[119],"adoption,":[120],"enabling":[121],"tens":[122],"thousands":[124],"interactions":[126],"engaging":[128],"over":[129],"1,000":[130],"monthly":[131],"active":[132],"users":[133],"(MAUs).":[134],"system":[136],"been":[138],"continuously":[139],"optimized":[140],"based":[141],"on":[142],"usage":[143],"patterns":[144],"user":[146,157],"feedback,":[147],"resulting":[148],"measurable":[150],"improvements":[151],"response":[153],"relevance,":[154],"latency,":[155],"satisfaction.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2024-12-12T00:00:00"}
