{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128772636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3770761.3777152","title":"Why Do Some US States Offer More Computer Science Courses Than Others? A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Access Gaps","display_name":"Why Do Some US States Offer More Computer Science Courses Than Others? A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Access Gaps","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128772636","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3770761.3777152"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3770761.3777152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3770761.3777152","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V.2","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3770761.3777152","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125990782","display_name":"Pranavi Kamana","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pranavi Kamana","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125889195","display_name":"Nooshya Roshanian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nooshya Roshanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125991345","display_name":"Mahi Thakkar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahi Thakkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5125990782"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70718232,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1669","last_page":"1670"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.8650000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.8650000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12515","display_name":"Gender and Technology in Education","score":0.048500001430511475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10726","display_name":"Career Development and Diversity","score":0.020099999383091927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disadvantage","display_name":"Disadvantage","score":0.7537000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.6347000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/certification","display_name":"Certification","score":0.5396999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4765999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"Higher education","score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-higher-education","display_name":"Access to Higher Education","score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-policy","display_name":"Public policy","score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-government","display_name":"State government","score":0.4345000088214874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777673361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5281228","display_name":"Disadvantage","level":2,"score":0.7537000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6347000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46304622","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374814","display_name":"Certification","level":2,"score":0.5396999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4765999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.46070000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777597347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4672460","display_name":"Access to Higher Education","level":3,"score":0.459199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.45089998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986592023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1802419","display_name":"State government","level":3,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985829316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26084","display_name":"Access to information","level":3,"score":0.35989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.35659998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984407347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9166713","display_name":"Postsecondary education","level":3,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47487241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227230","display_name":"Data access","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019808023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"State policy","level":3,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988064887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828748","display_name":"Continuing education","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123587114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2101508","display_name":"Policy analysis","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780917687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304994","display_name":"Diffusion of innovations","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127142870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7838279","display_name":"Trend analysis","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780328347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q904708","display_name":"Science policy","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44877443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2485457","display_name":"Science education","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3770761.3777152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3770761.3777152","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V.2","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3770761.3777152","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3770761.3777152","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 57th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V.2","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.751846969127655,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3112816639","https://openalex.org/W3134991251","https://openalex.org/W4294237920","https://openalex.org/W4407681539","https://openalex.org/W4412757469"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,88,154],"goal":[1],"of":[2,13,34,73,82],"this":[3],"research":[4],"is":[5],"to":[6,37,48,94,119],"explore":[7],"the":[8,11,50,71,79,149],"relationship":[9],"between":[10],"number":[12,72,81],"high":[14,74,83],"schools":[15,75,84],"offering":[16,76,152],"computer":[17,40],"science":[18,41],"and":[19,27,47,68,78,105,111,129,144,177,192,213],"state-level":[20],"factors":[21,51],"like":[22,108,142],"funding,":[23,176],"urbanization,":[24],"household":[25],"income,":[26,174],"government":[28,63],"policies.":[29],"We":[30,58],"used":[31],"Rogers'":[32],"Diffusion":[33],"Innovation":[35],"theory":[36],"explain":[38],"how":[39],"education":[42,67],"adoption":[43],"varies":[44],"across":[45],"states":[46,137,188,208],"identify":[49],"that":[52,158,187,201],"accelerate":[53],"or":[54],"hinder":[55],"its":[56],"implementation.":[57],"qualitatively":[59],"reviewed":[60],"individual":[61],"state":[62,160],"policies":[64,191],"around":[65],"CS":[66,77,96,120,151,168,197],"quantitatively":[69],"analyzed":[70],"total":[80,140],"in":[85,205],"each":[86],"state.":[87],"policy":[89,161],"data":[90],"revealed":[91],"common":[92],"barriers":[93],"K-12":[95],"course":[97,198],"access":[98,118,169,207,212],"include":[99],"limited":[100],"resources,":[101],"certified":[102],"teachers,":[103],"enrollment,":[104,141],"time.":[106],"States":[107],"Alabama,":[109],"Arkansas,":[110],"Maryland":[112],"are":[113,132,163],"above":[114],"75%":[115],"for":[116],"student":[117],"courses,":[121],"while":[122,173],"Wisconsin,":[123],"Montana,":[124],"South":[125],"Dakota,":[126],"DC,":[127],"Oklahoma,":[128],"New":[130],"York":[131],"below":[133],"25%":[134],"access.":[135],"Interestingly,":[136],"with":[138,166,189],"higher":[139,167,196],"California":[143],"Texas,":[145],"don't":[146],"always":[147],"have":[148],"highest":[150],"rates.":[153],"regression":[155],"results":[156],"indicate":[157],"stronger":[159],"scores":[162],"significantly":[164],"associated":[165],"(p":[170],"<":[171],"0.001),":[172],"per-student":[175],"geographic":[178],"disadvantage":[179],"were":[180],"not":[181],"significant":[182],"predictors.":[183],"These":[184],"findings":[185],"highlight":[186],"supportive":[190],"sufficient":[193],"resources":[194],"achieve":[195],"adoption,":[199],"suggesting":[200],"replicating":[202],"these":[203],"conditions":[204],"lower":[206],"could":[209],"improve":[210],"nationwide":[211],"inform":[214],"future":[215],"research.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-15T05:58:04.055770","created_date":"2026-02-14T00:00:00"}