{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415965939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769994.3769998","title":"From State to Structure: Towards Abstraction Support in CS2","display_name":"From State to Structure: Towards Abstraction Support in CS2","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415965939","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769994.3769998"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3769994.3769998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769994.3769998","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769994.3769998","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046399251","display_name":"Naaz Sibia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7628-7077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Naaz Sibia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118273667","display_name":"Jessica Wen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2766-5916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jessica Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113498797","display_name":"A. Richardson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9431-9126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amber Richardson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112436821","display_name":"Yogendra Kumar Jain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6787-3960"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yashika Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069503439","display_name":"Angela Zavaleta Bernuy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1228-5774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98251732","display_name":"McMaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/02fa3aq29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angela Zavaleta Bernuy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of McMaster, Hamilton, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of McMaster, Hamilton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98251732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074634692","display_name":"Bogdan Simion","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2554-8705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bogdan Simion","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047964559","display_name":"Andrew Petersen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1337-7985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Petersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034150082","display_name":"Carolina Nobre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2892-0509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carolina Nobre","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017029944","display_name":"Michael Liut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2965-5302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Liut","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046399251"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.35024757,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.8537999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.8537999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.024900000542402267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.01810000091791153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.7742000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5677000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recursion","display_name":"Recursion (computer science)","score":0.5217000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.3894999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-structure","display_name":"Data structure","score":0.33660000562667847}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.7742000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.717199981212616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5677000284194946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168773036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264164","display_name":"Recursion (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5217000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5144000053405762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3894999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.31859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147358964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200992","display_name":"Abstraction layer","level":3,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C489000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747385","display_name":"Data flow diagram","level":2,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2644999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150202949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107602","display_name":"Pointer (user interface)","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3769994.3769998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769994.3769998","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3769994.3769998","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769994.3769998","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 25th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2158244281","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"600673, 06005, and 04348","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W143062192","https://openalex.org/W338997221","https://openalex.org/W630157969","https://openalex.org/W1196054003","https://openalex.org/W1488725643","https://openalex.org/W1967548205","https://openalex.org/W1969893202","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1984964495","https://openalex.org/W1995436285","https://openalex.org/W2005674522","https://openalex.org/W2006588281","https://openalex.org/W2011837701","https://openalex.org/W2014208988","https://openalex.org/W2035850990","https://openalex.org/W2050163083","https://openalex.org/W2051949292","https://openalex.org/W2064829224","https://openalex.org/W2072225709","https://openalex.org/W2075057699","https://openalex.org/W2075499005","https://openalex.org/W2081207969","https://openalex.org/W2086443373","https://openalex.org/W2092349198","https://openalex.org/W2097750323","https://openalex.org/W2102099172","https://openalex.org/W2108906160","https://openalex.org/W2122413191","https://openalex.org/W2141115267","https://openalex.org/W2150794602","https://openalex.org/W2167086899","https://openalex.org/W2167759247","https://openalex.org/W2169294099","https://openalex.org/W2169365000","https://openalex.org/W2170899200","https://openalex.org/W2171689869","https://openalex.org/W2592233721","https://openalex.org/W2614167877","https://openalex.org/W2738378221","https://openalex.org/W2742029133","https://openalex.org/W2766590723","https://openalex.org/W2788775711","https://openalex.org/W2789096433","https://openalex.org/W2796264325","https://openalex.org/W2884982837","https://openalex.org/W2886421510","https://openalex.org/W2911020451","https://openalex.org/W2955465334","https://openalex.org/W2965942940","https://openalex.org/W2988660182","https://openalex.org/W3005743399","https://openalex.org/W3094959146","https://openalex.org/W3101318623","https://openalex.org/W3134265261","https://openalex.org/W3200753830","https://openalex.org/W4200486383","https://openalex.org/W4237464814","https://openalex.org/W4249056385","https://openalex.org/W4310506648","https://openalex.org/W4323033877","https://openalex.org/W4366214235","https://openalex.org/W4384700895","https://openalex.org/W4392542467","https://openalex.org/W4392861622","https://openalex.org/W4397009812","https://openalex.org/W4410206532","https://openalex.org/W4415338557"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Motivation:":[0],"CS2":[1],"students":[2,33],"often":[3],"struggle":[4],"to":[5],"connect":[6],"low-level":[7],"memory":[8],"operations":[9],"with":[10,15],"high-level":[11],"structural":[12,72],"understanding,":[13],"particularly":[14],"recursion":[16],"and":[17,31],"linked":[18],"data":[19],"structures.":[20],"Visualizations":[21],"can":[22,70],"aid":[23],"learning":[24],"by":[25],"making":[26],"underlying":[27],"relationships":[28],"more":[29],"visible":[30],"helping":[32],"track":[34],"complex":[35],"behavior.":[36],"While":[37],"such":[38],"tools":[39],"exist,":[40],"most":[41],"emphasize":[42],"procedural":[43],"flow":[44],"without":[45],"scaffolding":[46],"abstraction.":[47],"We":[48],"explore":[49],"whether":[50],"multiple":[51],"external":[52],"representations":[53],"(MERs),":[54],"which":[55],"are":[56],"a":[57],"well-established":[58],"approach":[59],"in":[60,67],"other":[61],"STEM":[62],"fields":[63],"that":[64],"is":[65],"underutilized":[66],"computing":[68],"education,":[69],"support":[71],"abstraction":[73],"through":[74],"synchronized,":[75],"layered":[76],"visualizations.":[77]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-11-06T00:00:00"}