{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123750520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769126.3769262","title":"EVENS: Equality versus Equity Notion Spectrum of LLMs","display_name":"EVENS: Equality versus Equity Notion Spectrum of LLMs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123750520","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769126.3769262"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3769126.3769262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769126.3769262","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769126.3769262","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009587339","display_name":"Qingjing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4480-4740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qingjing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alma AI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0591-0891","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alma AI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120585097","display_name":"Rongxin Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rongxin Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9002-1571","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9212-0401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9212-0401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122937202","display_name":"Ziheng Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziheng Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4186-7746","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122985987","display_name":"Kangxin Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kangxin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8205-2651","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122970362","display_name":"Peiming Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peiming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2915-6496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051589504","display_name":"Antonino Rotolo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rotolo Antonino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alma AI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5265-0660","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alma AI, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122959570","display_name":"Yun Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8684-7977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Law, Institute for AI and Law, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Weixing Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7539-4242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixing Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7539-4242","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009587339"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73532264,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"374","last_page":"378"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.8719000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.8719000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.01360000018030405,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.013299999758601189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equity","display_name":"Equity (law)","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4205000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-equality","display_name":"Social equality","score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equity-theory","display_name":"Equity theory","score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broad-spectrum","display_name":"Broad spectrum","score":0.34529998898506165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4797999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4205000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25287524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13416790","display_name":"Social equality","level":2,"score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58003389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070477","display_name":"Equity theory","level":3,"score":0.3467999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020442560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4971815","display_name":"Broad spectrum","level":2,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156778621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365748","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153606108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46158","display_name":"Humanism","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189352744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971461","display_name":"Social choice theory","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2612000107765198}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3769126.3769262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769126.3769262","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/1043591","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1043591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3769126.3769262","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769126.3769262","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Twentieth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030660404","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2166404875","https://openalex.org/W2318126127","https://openalex.org/W3123340107","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3137991047","https://openalex.org/W3200769614","https://openalex.org/W3207316473","https://openalex.org/W4283466563","https://openalex.org/W4366817401","https://openalex.org/W4402671261","https://openalex.org/W4412673524","https://openalex.org/W4416036008"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,154],"controversy":[1],"surrounding":[2],"COMPAS":[3],"exposes":[4],"a":[5,55],"significant":[6],"gap":[7],"between":[8],"computer":[9],"science":[10,13],"and":[11,53,66,74,90,111,125,146,159],"social":[12],"in":[14,43,122,129],"understanding":[15],"bias,":[16],"highlighting":[17],"the":[18,32,37,134,147,157],"need":[19],"to":[20,35,86,95,156],"align":[21,36],"computational":[22],"fairness":[23,60,88],"metrics":[24],"with":[25],"humanistic":[26],"interpretations.":[27],"In":[28],"response,":[29],"we":[30],"introduce":[31],"EVENS":[33],"benchmark":[34],"Equality":[38],"versus":[39],"Equity":[40],"Notion":[41],"Spectrum":[42],"LLMs.":[44],"Our":[45,99],"contributions":[46],"include":[47],"constructing":[48],"an":[49,92],"equality\u2013equity":[50],"notion":[51],"spectrum":[52],"generating":[54],"corresponding":[56],"dataset":[57],"of":[58,114,137],"key":[59],"scenarios,":[61],"evaluating":[62],"models\u2019":[63],"initial":[64],"stances":[65],"test":[67],"stance":[68],"adjustments":[69],"under":[70],"external":[71],"legal":[72,110],"regulations":[73,77,113],"internal":[75],"organizational":[76,112],"using":[78],"Retrieval-Augmented":[79],"Generation":[80],"(RAG),":[81],"introducing":[82],"Chain-of-Thought":[83],"(CoT)":[84],"prompting":[85],"guide":[87],"reasoning,":[89],"adding":[91],"uncertain":[93,148],"choice":[94],"assess":[96],"its":[97],"impact.":[98],"findings":[100],"indicate":[101],"that":[102],"LLMs":[103],"initially":[104],"favor":[105],"equality":[106,121],"over":[107],"equity.":[108],"Incorporating":[109],"equity":[115,127,135],"through":[116],"RAG":[117],"can":[118],"reduce":[119],"proportional":[120],"most":[123],"models":[124,139],"enhance":[126],"recognition":[128],"GPT4o":[130],"significantly.":[131],"CoT":[132],"improves":[133],"reasoning":[136],"Chinese":[138],"but":[140],"may":[141],"also":[142],"rationalize":[143],"existing":[144],"biases,":[145],"option":[149],"promotes":[150],"more":[151],"cautious":[152],"responses.":[153],"links":[155],"code":[158],"datasets:":[160],"https://github.com/CrexCheng/EVEN.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}