{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416789140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769047.3769051","title":"Social Presence in Virtual Reality: A Comparative Study of AI NPCs and Human Instructors","display_name":"Social Presence in Virtual Reality: A Comparative Study of AI NPCs and Human Instructors","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416789140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769047.3769051"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3769047.3769051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769047.3769051","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 18th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Motion, Interaction, and Games","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068162391","display_name":"Markus Schmidbauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8137-1199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Schmidbauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8137-1199","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016765555","display_name":"Johanna Pirker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0336-0592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johanna Pirker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0336-0592","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021164392","display_name":"Elisabeth Mayer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2551-0846"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163716","display_name":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05558nw16","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109144446","https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisabeth Mayer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Supercomputing Centre, Garching near Munich, Bavaria, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2551-0846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre, Garching near Munich, Bavaria, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028822720","display_name":"Thomas Odaker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0675-8675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163716","display_name":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/05558nw16","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109144446","https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Odaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz Supercomputing Centre, Garching near Munich, Bavaria, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0675-8675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz Supercomputing Centre, Garching near Munich, Bavaria, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163716"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37767043,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.4180000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.4180000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.25060001015663147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.04969999939203262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutor","display_name":"TUTOR","score":0.7350999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5295000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-intelligence","display_name":"Social intelligence","score":0.40880000591278076}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.7350999712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5295000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.48570001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4821999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45801056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2273844","display_name":"Social intelligence","level":2,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986930172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1116133","display_name":"Social knowledge","level":2,"score":0.3885999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150303390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1983852","display_name":"Virtual actor","level":3,"score":0.2635999917984009}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3769047.3769051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769047.3769051","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2025 18th ACM SIGGRAPH Conference on Motion, Interaction, and Games","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977369335","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1980455221","https://openalex.org/W1991520109","https://openalex.org/W2015860797","https://openalex.org/W2079476777","https://openalex.org/W2090017106","https://openalex.org/W2098225165","https://openalex.org/W2106968553","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2178182204","https://openalex.org/W2384143287","https://openalex.org/W2521080026","https://openalex.org/W2669444727","https://openalex.org/W2770761158","https://openalex.org/W2774074926","https://openalex.org/W2884224432","https://openalex.org/W2896735034","https://openalex.org/W2918779576","https://openalex.org/W2922194619","https://openalex.org/W2970173634","https://openalex.org/W2972393750","https://openalex.org/W3021597288","https://openalex.org/W3047455707","https://openalex.org/W3088908206","https://openalex.org/W3101045219","https://openalex.org/W3122490494","https://openalex.org/W3152845285","https://openalex.org/W3162271228","https://openalex.org/W3197986413","https://openalex.org/W4205384465","https://openalex.org/W4225514499","https://openalex.org/W4283724181","https://openalex.org/W4296131645","https://openalex.org/W4309345153","https://openalex.org/W4366547638","https://openalex.org/W4366547680","https://openalex.org/W4377139746","https://openalex.org/W4379913117","https://openalex.org/W4388676631","https://openalex.org/W4389256472","https://openalex.org/W4389296543","https://openalex.org/W4391029755","https://openalex.org/W4391709315","https://openalex.org/W4392822555","https://openalex.org/W4394805529","https://openalex.org/W4394962997","https://openalex.org/W4396832085","https://openalex.org/W4396832163","https://openalex.org/W4396833393","https://openalex.org/W4396833746","https://openalex.org/W4399126745","https://openalex.org/W4400608537","https://openalex.org/W4408954991"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"intelligence":[1],"NPCs":[2,20],"are":[3],"known":[4],"to":[5,44,63,92],"make":[6],"games":[7],"more":[8],"immersive.":[9],"However,":[10],"users\u2019":[11],"sense":[12],"of":[13,31,95,100,129,148],"Social":[14,33,101,130,138],"Presence":[15,34,139],"with":[16,39,76,140],"modern,":[17],"realistic":[18],"AI":[19,40,64,88,109,141],"is":[21,35,111],"underexplored.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24],"paper,":[25],"we":[26,53],"address":[27],"the":[28,87,108,115,120,137,146],"research":[29,156],"question":[30],"how":[32],"perceived":[36],"when":[37],"interacting":[38],"NPC":[41,65,89,110],"tutors":[42,46,62,66],"compared":[43],"human":[45,61,121],"in":[47,72,113,127],"virtual":[48],"reality":[49],"assembly":[50,70,117],"tasks.":[51],"Therefore,":[52],"conducted":[54],"a":[55,68,80],"mixed":[56],"methods":[57],"study":[58],"(N=18)":[59],"comparing":[60],"on":[67],"PC":[69,116],"task":[71],"multiple":[73],"VR":[74],"settings":[75],"Head-Mounted":[77],"Displays":[78],"and":[79,97,103,150],"CAVE":[81],"system.":[82],"The":[83],"results":[84],"indicate":[85],"that":[86,107],"elicits":[90],"moderate":[91,98],"high":[93],"levels":[94,99],"Co-Presence":[96],"Presence,":[102],"most":[104],"participants":[105],"reported":[106],"beneficial":[112],"completing":[114],"task.":[118],"Nevertheless,":[119],"tutor":[122],"was":[123],"rated":[124],"significantly":[125],"higher":[126],"terms":[128],"Presence.":[131],"We":[132],"infer":[133],"suggestions":[134],"for":[135,154],"increasing":[136,145],"NPCs,":[142],"such":[143],"as":[144,157,159],"quality":[147],"animations":[149],"vocal":[151],"features,":[152],"important":[153],"game":[155],"well":[158],"Intelligent":[160],"Tutoring":[161],"Systems.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-11-28T00:00:00"}
