{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414967438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769008","title":"Deep Learning Representations of Programs: A Systematic Literature Review","display_name":"Deep Learning Representations of Programs: A Systematic Literature Review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414967438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769008"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3769008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769008","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119909358","display_name":"Deepika Shanmugasundaram","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Deepika Shanmugasundaram","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119909359","display_name":"Pallavi Arivukkarasu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pallavi Arivukkarasu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101987301","display_name":"Huaming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5678-472X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088648","display_name":"Cooperative Trials Group for Neuro-Oncology","ror":"https://ror.org/004gchq58","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088648"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huaming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sydney - Camperdown and Darlington Campus"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sydney - Camperdown and Darlington Campus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088648","https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076081056","display_name":"Haipeng Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5224-9970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haipeng Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University at Buffalo"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University at Buffalo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119909358"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40911508,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"5","first_page":"1","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.8614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6523000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.5022000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.4984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.43880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.43389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4205000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.8614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.745199978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6523000001907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.5022000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.4984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.43880000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.43389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4205000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97385483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16954980","display_name":"Deep belief network","level":3,"score":0.4097000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4007999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3587999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3472999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3769008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3769008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3769008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W569478347","https://openalex.org/W1502957213","https://openalex.org/W1602136775","https://openalex.org/W1962482270","https://openalex.org/W2069065514","https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2592125937","https://openalex.org/W2604348044","https://openalex.org/W2793593030","https://openalex.org/W2796200341","https://openalex.org/W2798749466","https://openalex.org/W2894732341","https://openalex.org/W2898435572","https://openalex.org/W2899575547","https://openalex.org/W2911270308","https://openalex.org/W2911282308","https://openalex.org/W2914747561","https://openalex.org/W2930957955","https://openalex.org/W2940243450","https://openalex.org/W2950087183","https://openalex.org/W2963447020","https://openalex.org/W2963935794","https://openalex.org/W2963979492","https://openalex.org/W2964216321","https://openalex.org/W2965861627","https://openalex.org/W2985739320","https://openalex.org/W2987083812","https://openalex.org/W2990323480","https://openalex.org/W3005276469","https://openalex.org/W3006127095","https://openalex.org/W3009129408","https://openalex.org/W3016970378","https://openalex.org/W3033777149","https://openalex.org/W3043281046","https://openalex.org/W3045279034","https://openalex.org/W3049398420","https://openalex.org/W3081159607","https://openalex.org/W3086232317","https://openalex.org/W3089202867","https://openalex.org/W3091995628","https://openalex.org/W3099130275","https://openalex.org/W3101634042","https://openalex.org/W3109716606","https://openalex.org/W3112311055","https://openalex.org/W3113085184","https://openalex.org/W3117923638","https://openalex.org/W3127736190","https://openalex.org/W3138597995","https://openalex.org/W3150739942","https://openalex.org/W3156480510","https://openalex.org/W3159616622","https://openalex.org/W3161071537","https://openalex.org/W3161938055","https://openalex.org/W3164640227","https://openalex.org/W3168383191","https://openalex.org/W3171557316","https://openalex.org/W3198685994","https://openalex.org/W4205371973","https://openalex.org/W4206238894","https://openalex.org/W4207068100","https://openalex.org/W4226087707","https://openalex.org/W4231862715","https://openalex.org/W4236630542","https://openalex.org/W4236965008","https://openalex.org/W4238124605","https://openalex.org/W4240061226","https://openalex.org/W4242106814","https://openalex.org/W4245958820","https://openalex.org/W4246604618","https://openalex.org/W4246625241","https://openalex.org/W4246934815","https://openalex.org/W4248839321","https://openalex.org/W4253401260","https://openalex.org/W4280528532","https://openalex.org/W4285417467","https://openalex.org/W4287159970","https://openalex.org/W4296079499","https://openalex.org/W4300011764","https://openalex.org/W4308643994","https://openalex.org/W4312439220","https://openalex.org/W4312543924","https://openalex.org/W4313590979","https://openalex.org/W4315746341","https://openalex.org/W4365806401","https://openalex.org/W4384347367","https://openalex.org/W4387769581","https://openalex.org/W4388421852","https://openalex.org/W4389098833","https://openalex.org/W4389519352","https://openalex.org/W4389612565","https://openalex.org/W4391164126","https://openalex.org/W4391558518","https://openalex.org/W4409291016","https://openalex.org/W4411232430","https://openalex.org/W4412272069"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,30,113],"the":[1,22,46,127,154,170,174,191,196,207],"contemporary":[2],"era,":[3],"deep":[4,32,53,94,132,164,217],"learning":[5,33,55,133,165,175,181],"(DL)":[6],"is":[7,34,52,90],"increasingly":[8],"recognized":[9],"as":[10,71,104,209,211],"a":[11,118,159],"promising":[12,212],"approach":[13],"for":[14,26,41,50,56,76],"enabling":[15],"and":[16,79,82,98,135,148,184,203],"optimizing":[17],"various":[18,67,108],"techniques,":[19],"notably":[20],"in":[21,153,163,206,216],"domain":[23],"of":[24,48,129,161,167,190],"DL":[25,49],"code":[27,51,87],"(software":[28],"programs).":[29],"essence,":[31],"mainly":[35],"representation":[36,54,128,166,219],"learning,":[37],"which":[38],"naturally":[39],"holds":[40],"this":[42,114],"domain.":[43],"Thus,":[44],"at":[45],"core":[47],"programs.":[57],"The":[58],"learned":[59,192],"program":[60,218],"representations":[61],"can":[62],"then":[63],"be":[64],"applied":[65],"to":[66,122,126,173],"coding-related":[68],"tasks,":[69],"such":[70],"detecting":[72],"vulnerabilities,":[73],"providing":[74],"recommendations":[75],"API":[77],"usage,":[78],"extracting":[80],"semantic":[81],"syntactic":[83],"insights":[84],"from":[85],"extensive":[86],"lines.":[88],"This":[89],"achieved":[91],"by":[92],"harnessing":[93],"neural":[95,177],"network":[96,178],"architectures":[97],"deep-learning":[99],"algorithms":[100],"that":[101],"take":[102],"programs":[103,130],"inputs":[105,172],",":[106],"serving":[107],"software":[109],"engineering":[110],"applications":[111,188],".":[112],"article,":[115],"we":[116,157,199],"conduct":[117],"systematic":[119],"literature":[120],"search":[121,140],"review":[123],"studies":[124,144,152],"pertaining":[125],"using":[131],"approaches":[134],"their":[136],"corresponding":[137],"applications.":[138],"Our":[139],"yielded":[141],"178":[142],"primary":[143],"published":[145],"between":[146],"2017":[147],"2023.":[149],"Through":[150],"these":[151],"latest":[155],"literature,":[156],"provide":[158],"systematization":[160],"knowledge":[162],"programs,":[168],"concerning":[169],"raw":[171],"pipeline,":[176],"architecture":[179],"employed,":[180],"algorithm":[182],"utilized,":[183],"downstream":[185],"tasks":[186],"(i.e.,":[187],")":[189],"representations.":[193],"While":[194],"examining":[195],"current":[197],"landscape,":[198],"also":[200],"identify":[201],"limitations":[202],"challenges":[204],"faced":[205],"state-of-the-art,":[208],"well":[210],"future":[213],"research":[214],"directions":[215],"learning.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}