{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416779962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3768539.3768545","title":"Toward Automated Pain Evaluation in Osteoarthritic Dogs Through Inertial Data and Machine Learning","display_name":"Toward Automated Pain Evaluation in Osteoarthritic Dogs Through Inertial Data and Machine Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416779962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3768539.3768545"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3768539.3768545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3768539.3768545","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM 12th International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3768539.3768545","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012455229","display_name":"Yifan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4899-0192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4899-0192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044146922","display_name":"Jianxun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6750-464X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianxun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Computer Science, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6750-464X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Computer Science, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001113002","display_name":"B. Duncan X. Lascelles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2950-9009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801313472","display_name":"North Central State College","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6b6f76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801313472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Duncan X. Lascelles","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2950-9009","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I2801313472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090761651","display_name":"Masataka Enomoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2516-635X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masataka Enomoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2516-635X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024569459","display_name":"Alper Bozkurt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-262X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alper Bozkurt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-262X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012351691","display_name":"David L. Roberts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-4840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801313472","display_name":"North Central State College","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6b6f76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801313472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David L. Roberts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Computer Science, NC State University, Raleigh, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7872-4840","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Computer Science, NC State University, Raleigh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535","https://openalex.org/I2801313472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12249","display_name":"Veterinary Orthopedics and Neurology","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12249","display_name":"Veterinary Orthopedics and Neurology","score":0.9714000225067139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11214","display_name":"Human-Animal Interaction Studies","score":0.010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11905","display_name":"Veterinary Pharmacology and Anesthesia","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.6635000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41839998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/f1-score","display_name":"F1 score","score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.3709000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.3580000102519989}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7143999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6888999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.6635000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.506600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.45680001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41839998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.37310001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.3709000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776164576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62736","display_name":"Osteoarthritis","level":3,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778282284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7124832","display_name":"Pain assessment","level":3,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151233233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47574","display_name":"Units of measurement","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3768539.3768545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3768539.3768545","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM 12th International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3768539.3768545","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3768539.3768545","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM 12th International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7210925174","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1R01CA297854-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8274206774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS-2124002, IIS-2037328, and EEC-1160483","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993674832","https://openalex.org/W2012742353","https://openalex.org/W2030742234","https://openalex.org/W2037656149","https://openalex.org/W2079894554","https://openalex.org/W2096746754","https://openalex.org/W2122303322","https://openalex.org/W2123878154","https://openalex.org/W2150683839","https://openalex.org/W2191886813","https://openalex.org/W2193522798","https://openalex.org/W2468103639","https://openalex.org/W2511558258","https://openalex.org/W2586783343","https://openalex.org/W2806427992","https://openalex.org/W2807532960","https://openalex.org/W2901186107","https://openalex.org/W2955768200","https://openalex.org/W2955804544","https://openalex.org/W2987145678","https://openalex.org/W3009549702","https://openalex.org/W3085439863","https://openalex.org/W3097178541","https://openalex.org/W3131686689","https://openalex.org/W3139298012","https://openalex.org/W3204224078","https://openalex.org/W4210504628","https://openalex.org/W4220666047","https://openalex.org/W4224218684","https://openalex.org/W4284960725","https://openalex.org/W4294712480","https://openalex.org/W4310339067","https://openalex.org/W4320727855","https://openalex.org/W4391512605","https://openalex.org/W4391936804","https://openalex.org/W4392437793"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Osteoarthritis":[0],"(OA)":[1],"can":[2],"cause":[3],"great":[4],"pain":[5,24,74,223],"for":[6,122],"dogs,":[7,125],"limit":[8],"their":[9,15],"daily":[10],"activities":[11],"and":[12,35,66,92,104,128,150,204,209],"negatively":[13],"affect":[14],"quality":[16],"of":[17,145,168,193],"life.":[18],"In":[19,39],"most":[20,233],"veterinary":[21,31],"practices,":[22],"evaluating":[23],"caused":[25],"by":[26,30,95],"OA":[27,96,222],"is":[28],"done":[29],"professionals":[32],"performing":[33],"examinations":[34],"making":[36],"subjective":[37],"assessments.":[38],"this":[40],"study,":[41,162],"we":[42,82,111,140,163],"proposed":[43],"a":[44,49,135,160,169],"novel":[45],"objective":[46],"approach":[47],"using":[48,115,134,153,174],"wearable":[50],"device":[51],"equipped":[52],"with":[53],"an":[54,219,227],"inertial":[55],"measurement":[56],"unit":[57],"(IMU)":[58],"to":[59,67,72,85,182,217],"collect":[60],"high-frequency":[61],"movement":[62,107],"data":[63,118,156,172,177,196,208],"from":[64,76,178],"dogs":[65,91,231],"use":[68,167],"machine":[69,210],"learning":[70,102,211],"methods":[71,103,212],"analyze":[73],"status":[75],"28":[77],"dogs.":[78],"Using":[79,98],"manifold":[80],"learning,":[81],"were":[83,202],"able":[84],"generate":[86],"natural":[87],"clusters":[88],"between":[89],"healthy":[90],"those":[93],"affected":[94,124],"pain.":[97],"four":[99],"simple":[100],"supervised":[101],"manually":[105],"extracted":[106],"features":[108],"as":[109,157],"input,":[110],"achieved":[112,141],"high":[113],"performance":[114,144],"certain":[116],"input":[117,195],"streams":[119],"(100%":[120],"precision":[121],"OA-pain":[123],"83%":[126],"recall":[127,149],"89%":[129],"overall":[130],"classification":[131],"accuracy).":[132],"Furthermore,":[133],"custom":[136],"neural":[137],"network":[138],"model,":[139],"the":[142,166,176,179,184,190,200],"best":[143],"71%":[146],"precision,":[147],"92%":[148],"72%":[151],"accuracy":[152],"raw":[154],"IMU":[155,207],"input.":[158],"As":[159],"preliminary":[161],"also":[164,188],"explored":[165],"specific":[170],"task":[171],"against":[173],"all":[175],"entire":[180],"session":[181],"compare":[183],"prediction":[185,191],"performance.":[186],"We":[187],"compared":[189],"capabilities":[192],"different":[194],"streams.":[197],"Although":[198],"preliminary,":[199],"results":[201],"promising":[203],"indicated":[205],"that":[206],"could":[213],"be":[214],"further":[215],"leveraged":[216],"achieve":[218],"owner-conducted":[220],"early":[221],"screening":[224],"process":[225],"in":[226],"at-home":[228],"environment":[229],"where":[230],"are":[232],"comfortable.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-11-28T00:00:00"}