{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117978156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765766.3765801","title":"Emotional Coregulation in Close Relationships with AI Agents: A Survey of ChatGPT and Replika Users","display_name":"Emotional Coregulation in Close Relationships with AI Agents: A Survey of ChatGPT and Replika Users","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117978156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765766.3765801"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3765766.3765801","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765766.3765801","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765766.3765801","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058623800","display_name":"Ethel Pruss","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4281-5577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ethel Pruss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4281-5577","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017694447","display_name":"Maryam Alimardani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3077-7657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Alimardani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3077-7657","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060245442","display_name":"Sascha Y. Struijs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2668-5410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sascha Struijs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Derpartment of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2668-5410","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Derpartment of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121770808","display_name":"Sander L. Koole","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sander L. Koole","raw_affiliation_strings":["Derpartment of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3422-223X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Derpartment of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058623800"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71962281,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"19","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.2590999901294708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.2590999901294708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.17260000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.10249999910593033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.8173999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-contagion","display_name":"Emotional contagion","score":0.5501999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/friendship","display_name":"Friendship","score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-support","display_name":"Emotional support","score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/romance","display_name":"Romance","score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-relationship","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","score":0.3305000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.8173999786376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7382000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159237981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498207","display_name":"Emotional contagion","level":2,"score":0.5501999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5234000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778736484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q491","display_name":"Friendship","level":2,"score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.4117000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018916638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752118","display_name":"Emotional support","level":3,"score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518914266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054574","display_name":"Romance","level":2,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91034043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal relationship","level":2,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143110190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373787","display_name":"Emotional expression","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992801459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223642","display_name":"Interpersonal interaction","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779718618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5373802","display_name":"Emotional well-being","level":2,"score":0.3005000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174107131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191591","display_name":"Emotional intelligence","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606712","display_name":"Transition (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3765766.3765801","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765766.3765801","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:openaire/5c007df5-e0c8-4aec-b560-96287fd16aaf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/5c007df5-e0c8-4aec-b560-96287fd16aaf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pruss, E, Alimardani, M, Struijs, S & Koole, S L 2026, Emotional Coregulation in Close Relationships with AI Agents : A Survey of ChatGPT and Replika Users. in H Osawa, H Lindgren, A Steinfeld, M E Foster, S Okada & H Zhu (eds), HAI '25: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, pp. 19-28, 13th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction, HAI 2025, Yokohama, Japan, 10/11/25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3765766.3765801","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:openaire_cris_publications/5c007df5-e0c8-4aec-b560-96287fd16aaf","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1871.1/5c007df5-e0c8-4aec-b560-96287fd16aaf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Pruss, E, Alimardani, M, Struijs, S & Koole, S L 2026, Emotional Coregulation in Close Relationships with AI Agents : A Survey of ChatGPT and Replika Users. in H Osawa, H Lindgren, A Steinfeld, M E Foster, S Okada & H Zhu (eds), HAI '25: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc, pp. 19-28, 13th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction, HAI 2025, Yokohama, Japan, 10/11/25. https://doi.org/10.1145/3765766.3765801","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3765766.3765801","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765766.3765801","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1951724000","https://openalex.org/W2003220763","https://openalex.org/W2014833927","https://openalex.org/W2032568497","https://openalex.org/W2158973647","https://openalex.org/W2319415904","https://openalex.org/W2320425112","https://openalex.org/W2321458102","https://openalex.org/W2432698062","https://openalex.org/W2495361128","https://openalex.org/W2499526086","https://openalex.org/W2530660053","https://openalex.org/W2774486220","https://openalex.org/W2803002867","https://openalex.org/W2895909748","https://openalex.org/W3009936362","https://openalex.org/W3034161046","https://openalex.org/W3036187971","https://openalex.org/W3043263620","https://openalex.org/W3048870688","https://openalex.org/W3095580290","https://openalex.org/W3119676664","https://openalex.org/W3120646040","https://openalex.org/W3163286462","https://openalex.org/W3183772493","https://openalex.org/W3201550749","https://openalex.org/W4200619310","https://openalex.org/W4213214216","https://openalex.org/W4220880657","https://openalex.org/W4292756182","https://openalex.org/W4292994367","https://openalex.org/W4297983522","https://openalex.org/W4312179235","https://openalex.org/W4312204748","https://openalex.org/W4322102016","https://openalex.org/W4366004191","https://openalex.org/W4366559955","https://openalex.org/W4367662689","https://openalex.org/W4376131036","https://openalex.org/W4378470708","https://openalex.org/W4384807978","https://openalex.org/W4385291101","https://openalex.org/W4385489149","https://openalex.org/W4385623654","https://openalex.org/W4389197313","https://openalex.org/W4391105189","https://openalex.org/W4391904058","https://openalex.org/W4399435247","https://openalex.org/W4399511655","https://openalex.org/W4402463793","https://openalex.org/W4403216264","https://openalex.org/W4403583423","https://openalex.org/W4405300903","https://openalex.org/W4405627034","https://openalex.org/W4405726714","https://openalex.org/W4408738947","https://openalex.org/W4409016890","https://openalex.org/W4417050603","https://openalex.org/W4417084818","https://openalex.org/W7083622994"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"AI":[0,42,71,167,204],"agents":[1,43,86,168,205],"are":[2],"increasingly":[3,29],"becoming":[4],"part":[5],"of":[6,70,115,126,143,220],"daily":[7],"life,":[8],"with":[9,41,64,121,160,165,177,210],"advances":[10],"in":[11,28,51,59,82,124,185],"large":[12],"language":[13],"models":[14],"(LLMs)":[15],"enabling":[16],"people":[17],"to":[18,49,117],"use":[19],"them":[20],"not":[21,107,194],"only":[22],"for":[23,109],"practical":[24],"tasks":[25],"but":[26,91,217],"also":[27],"social,":[30],"relationship-oriented":[31],"roles.":[32],"This":[33],"cross-sectional,":[34],"between-subjects":[35],"survey":[36],"(n=48)":[37],"examined":[38],"whether":[39],"relationships":[40,63],"show":[44],"emotional":[45,127,131,156,178,196,208],"coregulation":[46,197],"patterns":[47],"similar":[48,88],"those":[50],"human":[52],"relationships,":[53],"based":[54],"on":[55],"self-reports":[56],"from":[57],"users":[58,116],"friendship":[60],"or":[61,66,74,149,198],"romantic":[62],"ChatGPT":[65,102],"Replika.":[67],"The":[68],"type":[69],"agent":[72,123],"(Replika":[73],"ChatGPT)":[75],"was":[76],"treated":[77],"as":[78,95,138,140,181],"an":[79],"independent":[80],"variable":[81],"the":[83,122,144,211,218],"analyses.":[84],"Both":[85],"offer":[87],"conversational":[89],"abilities,":[90],"Replika":[92],"is":[93,103],"presented":[94],"a":[96,104,182,215],"virtually":[97],"embodied,":[98],"human-like":[99],"companion,":[100],"whereas":[101],"text-based":[105],"tool":[106],"marketed":[108],"companionship.":[110],"We":[111],"asked":[112],"both":[113,161,166,189],"groups":[114],"rate":[118],"their":[119,141],"experience":[120],"terms":[125],"contagion":[128,157],"(sharing":[129,147],"emotions),":[130,134],"counter-regulation":[132,159,179],"(balancing":[133],"and":[135,152,158,173],"affect":[136,172,186,199],"change,":[137],"well":[139],"perceptions":[142],"agent\u2019s":[145,212],"self-disclosure":[146,213],"personal":[148],"intimate":[150],"information)":[151],"human-likeness.":[153],"Participants":[154],"reported":[155],"agents.":[162],"Additionally,":[163],"conversations":[164],"significantly":[169],"increased":[170],"positive":[171],"reduced":[174],"negative":[175],"affect,":[176],"emerging":[180],"key":[183],"factor":[184],"improvement":[187],"across":[188],"groups.":[190],"However,":[191],"human-likeness":[192],"did":[193],"predict":[195],"changes.":[200],"These":[201],"findings":[202],"suggest":[203],"can":[206],"support":[207],"coregulation,":[209],"playing":[214],"role,":[216],"contribution":[219],"virtual":[221],"embodiment":[222],"remains":[223],"unclear.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-01-02T00:00:00"}
